Civil and Environmental Engineering (CE)

Professor Virgin, Chair (121 Engineering); Professor Schaad, Assistant Chair; Professor Hueckel, Director of Graduate Studies; Professors Albertson, Avissar, Barros, Deshusses, Hueckel, Laursen, Medina, Petroski, Schaad, Scruggs, Virgin, Wiesner; Associate Professors Boadu, Dolbow, Gavin, Kabala, Peirce, Porporato; Assistant Professors Gunsch, Hsu-Kim, Khlystov; Associate Professor of the Practice Nadeau; Professors Emeriti Brown and Wilson; Adjunct Associate Professor Linden; Adjunct Assistant Professor Schuler; Lecturer Brasier; Secondary Appointments: Professors Haff (geology), Malin (seismology), Reckhow (water resources), Trangenstein (mathematics), Vallero (engineering); Associate Professor Kasibhatla (environmental chemistry); Assistant Professor of the Practice Goodall (geospacial analysis)

The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Duke University offers programs of study and research leading to the MS and PhD degrees with a major in Civil and Environmental Engineering. CEE pursues diverse research and educational activities to improve the fundamental safety, health, and quality of life in our society. These activities focus on three broad areas: (1) materials, structures, and geo-systems; (2) hydrology and fluid dynamics; and, (3) environmental process engineering.

Overlapping at times, these areas represent the three tracks of study offered by our graduate faculty. The specific areas include engineering mechanics, computational mechanics, geo-materials and environmental geo-mechanics, engineering and environmental geophysics, structural engineering, water resources engineering, hydrology, environmental fluid dynamics, and environmental process engineering aspects of water, atmosphere, and soil pollution.

Current research in these areas focuses on new computational paradigms for complex mechanical systems, including contact, fracture and damage problems; environmental geomechanics and geophysics; adaptive materials and structures and their use in structural dynamics; microstructured materials; deterministic and stochastic water resources and contaminant hydrology; global and regional water cycle; ocean-land-atmosphere interactions; biological and chemical aspects of pollution and its remediation in water, air, and soil.

Additionally, students may explore interdisciplinary research topics within a new strategic initiative undertaken by CEE in the area of "Extreme Environments." Research in this field will ensure a safer response of the environment and structures to various extreme conditions, occurring spontaneously, incidentally or by design. The Department also supports two new multidisciplinary research thrusts in (1) instrument and sensor technology applied to measurements in and monitoring of environmental, structural and geo-environmental systems; and, (2) mathematical and experimental simulators, all broadly related to the natural and engineered environments. With the latter initiatives the Department plans to lead the profession in developing a new physical models aimed at simulating the chemical, biological, physical, and mechanical aspects of the environment and structures. That includes scaling laws to extrapolate processes from the model scale to the local, regional and global scales, or from the micro-structural to macro-structural scale. These new physical models will also provide a means of studying the fundamental processes necessary to develop self-sustained environmental systems to be used for long-term space exploration missions.

200. Engineering Data Analysis. Introduction to the statistical error analysis of imprecise data and the estimation of physical parameters from data with uncertainty. Interpolation and filtering. Data and parameter covariance. Emphasis on time series analysis in the time- and frequency-domains. Linear and nonlinear least squares. Confidence intervals and belts. Hypothesis testing. Introduction to parameter estimation in linear and nonlinear dynamic systems. Prerequisite: graduate standing or instructor consent. Instructors: Boadu, Gavin, or Porporato. 3 units.

201. Continuum Mechanics. Tensor fields and index notation. Analysis of states of stress and strain. Conservation laws and field equations. Constitutive equations for elastic, viscoelastic, and elastic-plastic solids. Formulation and solution of simple problems in elasticity, viscoelasticity, and plasticity. Instructors: Hueckel, Laursen, or Nadeau. 3 units.

202. Applied Mathematics for Engineers. Advanced analytical methods of applied mathematics useful in solving a wide spectrum of engineering problems. Applications of linear algebra, calculus of variations, the Frobenius method, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and boundary value problems. Prerequisites: Math 108 or equivalent and undergraduate courses in solid and/or fluid mechanics. Instructor: Kabala. 3 units.

203. Plasticity. Inelastic behavior of soils and engineering materials. Yield criteria. Flow rules. Concepts of perfect plasticity and plastic hardening. Methods of rigid-plasticity. Limit analysis. Isotropic and kinematic hardening. Plastic softening. Diffused damage. Thermo-plasticity. Visco-plasticity. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 201 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Hueckel. 3 units.

204. Plates and Shells. Differential equation and extremum formulations of linear equilibrium problems of Kirchhoffian and non-Kirchhoffian plates of isotropic and aelotropic material. Solution methods. Differential equation formulation of thin aelotropic shell problems in curvilinear coordinates; membrane and bending theories; specialization for shallow shells, shells of revolution, and plates. Extremum formulation of shell problems. Solution methods. Prerequisites: Engineering 75L or 135 and Mathematics 108 and 111. Instructor: Virgin. 3 units. C-L: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 204

205. Mechanics of Composite Materials. Theory and application of effective medium, or homogenization, theories to predict macroscopic properties of composite materials based on microstructural characterizations. Effective elasticity, thermal expansion, moisture swelling, and transport properties, among others, are presented along with associated bounds such as Voigt/Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman. Specific theories include Eshelby, Mori-Tanaka, Kuster-Toksoz, self-consistent, generalized self-consistent, differential method, and composite sphere and cylinder assemblages. Tensor-to-matrix mappings, orientational averaging, and texture analysis. Composite laminated plates, environmentally induced stresses, and failure theories. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 201 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Nadeau. 3 units.

207. Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems (AC or GE, BB). 3 units. C-L: see Biomedical Engineering 207; also C-L: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 207

208. Environmental Transport Phenomena. Conservation principles in the atmosphere and bodies of water, fundamental equations for transport in the atmosphere and bodies of water, scaling principles, simplification, turbulence, turbulent transport, Lagrangian transport, applications to transport of particles from volcanoes and stacks, case studies: volcanic eruption, Chernobyl accident, forest fires and Toms River power plant emission. Instructor: Avissar. 3 units.

211. Energy Flow and Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. Derivation of equations for wave motion in simple structural shapes: strings, longitudinal rods, beams and membranes, plates and shells. Solution techniques, analysis of systems behavior. Topics covered include: nondispersive and dispersive waves, multiple wave types (dilational, distortion), group velocity, impedance concepts including driving point impedances and moment impedances. Power and energy for different cases of wave propagation. Prerequisites: Engineering 123L and Mathematics 108 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Franzoni. 3 units. C-L: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 234

212. Fracture Mechanics. Theoretical concepts concerning the fracture and failure of brittle and ductile materials. Orowan and Griffith approaches to strength. Determination of stress intensity factors using compliance method, weight function method, and numerical methods with conservation laws. Cohesive zone models, fracture toughness, crack growth stability, and plasticity. Prerequisites: CE 201 or instructor consent. Instructor: Dolbow. 3 units.

225. Dynamic Engineering Hydrology. Dynamics of the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of water; climate, hydrometeorology, geophysical fluid motions. Precipitation, surface runoff and stream flow, infiltration, water losses. Hydrograph analysis, catchment characteristics, hydrologic instrumentation, and computer simulation models. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 122L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Medina. 3 units.

227. Groundwater Hydrology and Contaminant Transport. Review of surface hydrology and its interaction with groundwater. The nature of porous media, hydraulic conductivity, and permeability. General hydrodynamic equations of flow in isotropic and anisotropic media. Water quality standards and contaminant transport processes: advective-dispersive equation for solute transport in saturated porous media. Analytical and numerical methods, selected computer applications. Deterministic versus stochastic models. Applications: leachate from sanitary landfills, industrial lagoons and ponds, subsurface wastewater injection, monitoring of groundwater contamination. Conjunctive surface-subsurface models. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 123L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Medina. 3 units.

229. Introduction to Atmospheric Aerosol. Atmospheric aerosol and its relationship to problems in air control, atmospheric science, environmental engineering, and industrial hygiene. Open to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Prerequisites: knowledge of calculus and college-level physics. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Khlystov. 3 units.

230L. Aerosol Measurement Techniques for Air Quality Monitoring and Research. Principles of measurements and analysis of ambient particulate matter (aerosol). Traditional and emerging measurements techniques currently used in air quality monitoring and homeland defense. Open to advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in the science and engineering related to atmospheric aerosol. Consent of the instructor required. Instructor: Khlystov. 3 units.

237. Advanced Soil Mechanics. Characterization of behavior of geomaterials. Stress-strain incremental laws. Nonlinear elasticity, hypo-elasticity, plasticity and visco-plasticity of geomaterials; approximated laws of soil mechanics; fluid-saturated soil behavior; cyclic behavior of soils; liquefaction and cyclic mobility; elements of soil dynamics; thermal effects on soils. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 139L or equivalent. Instructor: Hueckel. 3 units.

238. Environmental Geomechanics. The course addresses engineered and natural situations, where mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils and rocks depend on environmental (thermal chemical, biological) processes. Experimental findings are reviewed, and modeling of coupled thermo-mechanical, chemo-mechanical technologies are reviewed. Instructor: Hueckel. 3 units.

239L. Environmental Molecular Biotechnology (GE, MC). Principles of genetics and recombinant DNA for environmental systems. Applications to include genetic engineering for bioremediation, DGGE, FISH, micro-arrays and biosensors. Laboratory exercises to include DNA isolation, amplification, manipulation and analysis. Prerequisites: CE 123L/BIO 25 or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Gunsch. 3 units. C-L: Biomedical Engineering 240L

241. Physical Chemical Processes in Environmental Engineering. Theory and design of fundamental and alternative physical and chemical treatment processes for pollution remediation. Reactor kinetics and hydraulics, gas transfer, adsorption, sedimentation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation, chemical oxidation, disinfection. Prerequisites: introductory environmental engineering, chemistry, graduate standing, or permission of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.

242. Environmental Aquatic Chemistry. Principles of chemical equilibria and kinetics applied to quantitative chemical description of natural and engineered aquatic systems. Topics include acid/base equilibrium, the carbonate system, metal complexation, oxidation/reduction reactions, precipitation/dissolution of minerals, and surface absorption. Prerequisite: Civil and Environmental Engineering 120L or Environment 160 or equivalent. Instructor: Hsu-Kim. 3 units. C-L: Environment 242

243. Physicochemical Unit Operations in Water Treatment. Fundamental bases for design of water and waste treatment systems, including transport, mixing, sedimentation and filtration, gas transfer, coagulation, and absorption processes. Emphasis on physical and chemical treatment combinations for drinking water supply. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 124L. Instructor: Kabala. 3 units.

244. Biological Processes in Environmental Engineering. Biological processes as they relate to environmental systems, including wastewater treatment and bioremediation. Concepts of microbiology, chemical engineering, stoichemistry, and kinetics of complex microbial metabolism, and process analyses. Specific processes discussed include carbon oxidation, nitrification/denitrification, phosphorus removal, methane production, and fermentation. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.

245. Pollutant Transport Systems. Distribution of pollutants in natural waters and the atmosphere; diffusive and advective transport phenomena within the natural environment and through artificial conduits and storage/treatment systems. Analytical and numerical prediction methods. Prerequisites: Civil Engineering 122L and Mathematics 111 or equivalents. Instructor: Medina. 3 units.

246. Water Supply Engineering Design. The study of water resources and municipal water requirements including reservoirs, transmission, treatment and distribution systems; methods of collection, treatment, and disposal of municipal and industrial wastewaters. The course includes the preparation of a comprehensive engineering report encompassing all aspects of municipal water and wastewater systems. Field trips to be arranged. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 124L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.

247. Air Pollution Control Engineering. The problems of air pollution with reference to public health and environmental effects. Measurement and meteorology. Air pollution control engineering: mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and technologies. Instructor: Peirce. 3 units.

248. Solid Waste Engineering. Engineering design of material and energy recovery systems including traditional and advanced technologies. Sanitary landfills and incineration of solid wastes. Application of systems analysis to collection of municipal refuse. Major design project in solid waste management. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 124L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Environment 248

249. Control of Hazardous and Toxic Waste. Engineering solutions to industrial and municipal hazardous waste problems. Handling, transportation, storage, and disposal technologies. Biological, chemical, and physical processes. Upgrading abandoned disposal sites. Economic and regulatory aspects. Case studies. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Peirce. 3 units.

250. Environmental Microbiology. Fundamentals of microbiology and biochemistry as they apply to environmental engineering. General topics include cell chemistry, microbial metabolism, bioenergetics, microbial ecology and pollutant biodegradation. Prerequisites: CE124L or graduate standing or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Gunsch. 3 units.

251. Engineering Analysis and Computational Mechanics. Mathematical formulation and numerical analysis of engineering systems with emphasis on applied mechanics. Equilibrium and eigenvalue problems of discrete and distributed systems; properties of these problems and discretization of distributed systems in continua by the trial functions with undetermined parameters. The use of weighted residual methods, finite elements, and finite differences. Prerequisite: senior or graduate standing. Instructor: Dolbow and Laursen. 3 units.

252. Buckling of Engineering Structures. An introduction to the underlying concepts of elastic stability and buckling, development of differential equation and energy approaches, buckling of common engineering components including link models, struts, frames, plates, and shells. Consideration will also be given to inelastic behavior, postbuckling, and design implications. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 131L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Virgin. 3 units. C-L: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 252

254. Introduction to the Finite Element Method. Investigation of the finite element method as a numerical technique for solving linear ordinary and partial differential equations, using rod and beam theory, heat conduction, elastostatics and dynamics, and advective/diffusive transport as sample systems. Emphasis placed on formulation and programming of finite element models, along with critical evaluation of results. Topics include: Galerkin and weighted residual approaches, virtual work principles, discretization, element design and evaluation, mixed formulations, and transient analysis. Prerequisites: a working knowledge of ordinary and partial differential equations, numerical methods, and programming in FORTRAN. Instructor: Dolbow and Laursen. 3 units.

255. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Formulation and solution of nonlinear initial/boundary value problems using the finite element method. Systems include nonlinear heat conduction/diffusion, geometrically nonlinear solid and structural mechanics applications, and materially nonlinear systems (for example, elastoplasticity). Emphasis on development of variational principles for nonlinear problems, finite element discretization, and equation-solving strategies for discrete nonlinear equation systems. Topics include: Newton-Raphson techniques, quasi-Newton iteration schemes, solution of nonlinear transient problems, and treatment of constraints in a nonlinear framework. An independent project, proposed by the student, is required. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 254 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Laursen. 3 units.

256. Computational Methods for Evolving Discontinuities. Presents an overview of advanced nomenical methods for the treatment of engineering problems such as brittle and ductile failure and solid-liquid phase transformations in pure substances. Analytical methods for arbitrary discontinuities and interfaces are reviewed, with particular attention to the derivation of jump conditions. Partition of unity and level set methods. Prerequisites: CE 254, CE 255, or instructor consent. Instructor: Dolbow. 3 units.

260. Vadose Zone Hydrology. Transport of fluids, heat, and contaminants through unsaturated porous media. Understanding the physical laws and mathematical modeling of relevant processes. Field and laboratory measurements of moisture content and matric potential. Prerequisites: Civil Engineering 122L and Mathematics 111, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Kabala. 3 units.

262. Analytical Models of Subsurface Hydrology. Reviews the method of separation of variables, surveys integral transforms, and illustrates their application to solving initial boundary value problems. Three parts include: mathematical and hydrologic fundamentals, integral transforms and their philosophy, and detailed derivation via integral transforms of some of the most commonly used models in subsurface hydrology and environmental engineering. Discussion and use of parameter estimation techniques associated with the considered models. Prerequisites: Mathematics 108 and 111 and either Civil Engineering 122L or 123L, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Kabala. 3 units.

264. Physico-Bio-Chemical Transformations. Surveys of a selection of topics related to the interaction between fluid flow (through channels or the porous media) and physical, chemical, and biochemical transformations encountered in environmental engineering. Numerous diverse phenomena, including solute transport in the vicinity of chemically reacting surfaces, reverse osmosis, sedimentation, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, rheology, microorganism population dynamics, and others will be presented in a unifying mathematical framework. Prerequisites: Civil Engineering 122L and Mathematics 111, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Kabala. 3 units.

265. Advanced Topics in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Opportunity for study of advanced subjects relating to programs within the civil and environmental engineering department tailored to fit the requirements of individuals or small groups. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.

269. Fundamentals and Applications of UV Processes in Environmental Systems. Ultraviolet light based processes as they relate to treatment of contaminants in water and air. Concepts in photochemistry and photobiology, fluence determination, UV disinfection, photodegradation processes for chemical containments, advanced oxidation processes, mathematical modeling and design of UV systems. Includes laboratory exercises. Prerequisites: CE 241 or consent or instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.

270. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Use of geophysical methods for solving engineering and environmental problems. Theoretical frameworks, techniques, and relevant case histories as applied to engineering and environmental problems (including groundwater evaluation and protection, siting of landfills, chemical waste disposals, roads assessments, foundations investigations for structures, liquefaction and earthquake risk assessment). Introduction to theory of elasticity and wave propagation in elastic and poroelastic media, electrical and electromagnetic methods, and ground penetrating radar technology. Prerequisite: Mathematics 111 or Physics 52L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Boadu. 3 units.

271. Inverse Problems in Geosciences and Engineering. Basic concepts, theory, methods of solution, and application of inverse problems in engineering, groundwater modeling, and applied geophysics. Deterministic and statistical frameworks for solving inverse problems. Strategies for solving linear and nonlinear inverse problems. Bayesian approach to nonlinear inverse problems. Emphasis on the ill-posed problem of inverse solutions. Data collection strategies in relation to solution of inverse problems. Model structure identification and parameter estimation procedures. Prerequisite: Mathematics 108 or 111 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Boadu. 3 units.

272. Wave Propagation in Elastic and Poroelastic Media. Basic theory, methods of solution, and applications involving wave propagation in elastic and poroelastic media. Analytical and numerical solution of corresponding equations of motion. Linear elasticity and viscoelasticity as applied to porous media. Effective medium, soil/rock materials as composite materials. Gassmann's equations and Biot's theory for poroelastic media. Stiffness and damping characteristics of poroelastic materials. Review of engineering applications that include NDT, geotechnical and geophysical case histories. Prerequisite: Mathematics 108 or 111 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Boadu. 3 units.

273. Introduction to the Physical Principles of Remote Sensing of the Environment. The course provides an overview of the radiative transfer principles used in remote-sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum using both passive and active sensors. Special focus is placed on the process that leads from theory to the development of retrieval algorithms for satellite-based sensors, including post-processing of raw observations and uncertainty analysis. Students carry on three hands-on projects (Visible and Thermal Infrared, Active Microwave, and Passive Microwave). Background in at least one of the following disciplines is desirable: radiation transfer, signal processing, and environmental physics (Hydrology, Geology, Geophysics, Plant Biophysics, Soil Physics). Instructor consent required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.

281. Experimental Systems. Formulation of experiments; Pi theorem and principles of similitude; data acquisition systems; static and dynamic measurement of displacement, force, and strain; interfacing experiments with digital computers for data storage, analysis, and plotting. Students select, design, perform, and interpret laboratory-scale experiments involving structures and basic material behavior. Prerequisite: senior or graduate standing in engineering or the physical sciences. Instructor: Gavin. 3 units.

283. Structural Dynamics. Formulation of dynamic models for discrete and continuous structures; normal mode analysis, deterministic and stochastic responses to shocks and environmental loading (earthquakes, winds, and waves); introduction to nonlinear dynamic systems, analysis and stability of structural components (beams and cables and large systems such as offshore towers, moored ships, and floating platforms). Instructor: Gavin. 3 units.

292. Structural Engineering Project Management.. Apply project management tools and skills to a structural engineering design project. Implement changes in schedule, budget, and changing client and/or regulatory climate. Work with a design team of undergraduate students. Prerequisites: not open to students who have had CE 192, CE 193, or CE 293. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Nadeau.. 3 units.

293. Environmental Engineering Project Management. Apply project management tools and skills to an environmental engineering design project. Implement changes in schedule, budget, and changing client and/or regulatory climate. Work with a design team of undergraduate students. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisites: not open to students who have had CE 192, CE 193, CE 292. Instructor: Schaad. 3 units.

391. Internship. Student gains practical experience in civil and environmental engineering by taking a job in industry, and writes a report about this experience. Requires prior consent from the student's advisor and from the director of graduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.

399. Special Readings in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Special individual readings in a specific area of study in civil and environmental engineering. Approval of director of graduate studies required. 1 to 3 units. Instructor: Graduate faculty. Variable credit.

2008-09 Bulletin of the Duke University Graduate School

2008-09 Bulletin of the
Duke University Graduate School