Environment (ENVIRON)

Professor Chameides, Dean; Professor Katul, Director of Graduate Studies (A309A Levine Science Research Center); Professors Albertson, Christensen, Clark, DiGiulio, Hinton, Katul, Kramer, Levin, Linney, Medina, Oren, Pimm, Reckhow, Reynolds, Richardson, Richter, Salzmann, Urban, Vincent, Wiener, and Wolpert; Associate Professors Kasibhatla, Murray, Newell, Pattanayak, Porporato, Pierce, Smith, Timmons, and Weinthal; Assistant Professors Anderson, Bennear, Bernhardt, Meyer, Patino-Echeverri, Stapleton; Professor Emeritus Healy, Knoerr, Schlesinger, Terborgh; Professors of the Practice Orbach and Maguire; Associate Professors of the Practice: Kirby-Smith and Halpin; Assistant Professors of the Practice Swenson and Qian; Research Professors J. Bonaventura and Ramus; Associate Research Professors LeFurgey and Miranda; Assistant Research Professors Palmroth and Thomann.

Major and minor work for the Environment Graduate Program is offered through the Environmental Sciences and Policy Division of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences. The research emphasis of the Environmental Sciences and Policy Division is in the areas of Ecosystem Science and Management, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Aquatic and Atmospheric Sciences, and Environmental Social Sciences.

College graduates who have a bachelor's degree in one of the natural or social sciences, forestry, engineering, business, or environmental science will be considered for admission to a degree program. Students will be restricted to the particular fields of specialization for which they are qualified academically. Graduate School programs usually concentrate on some area of natural resource and environmental science/ecology, systems science, or economics/policy, while study in resource and environmental management is more commonly followed in one of the professional master's degree programs of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences. For more complete program descriptions and information on professional training in forestry or environmental studies, the Bulletin of Duke University: Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences should be consulted.

School of the Environment faculty normally accept to the academic degree program only those students who wish to pursue a PhD degree. Applicants are strongly encouraged to contact the individual faculty member under whose supervision they are interested in pursuing graduate study. Information about each faculty member's area of research interest can be found in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences' bulletin and on the school's Web site located at http://www.env.duke.edu. The degree is available for students enrolled in the joint law program, and the MS degree may be awarded as part of the doctoral program. Students generally are not admitted to the and MS tracks as stand alone programs in the Nicholas School with the exception of the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences which accepts students to a MS track. (See the Earth and Ocean Sciences section in this chapter for additional information.)

200. Integrated Case Studies. A group of two to four students may plan and conduct integrated research projects on a special topic, not normally covered by courses or seminars. A request to establish such a project should be addressed to the case studies director with an outline of the objectives and methods of study and a plan for presentation of the results to the school. Each participant's adviser will designate the units to be earned (up to six units) and evaluate and grade the work. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.

201. Forest Resources Field Skills. Introduction to field techniques commonly used to quantify and sample forest resources: trees, soils, water, and animal resources. Dendrology, vegetation sampling, soil mapping, river flow estimation, field water quality sampling, surveying, and use of compass. Instructor: Richter. 2 units.

203. Conservation Biology: Theory and Practice. An overview of biological diversity, its patterns, and the current extinction crisis. Historical and theoretical foundations of conservation, from human values and law to criteria and frameworks for setting conservation priorities; island biogeography theory, landscape ecology, and socioeconomic considerations in reserve design; management of endangered species in the wild and in captivity; managing protected areas for long term viability of populations; the role of the landscape matrix around protected areas; and techniques for conserving biological diversity in semiwild productive ecosystems like forests. Three field trips. Prerequisite: one ecology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.

205L. Ecological Management of Forest Systems (Silviculture). The aim of the course is to equip future resource managers and environmental consultants with knowledge allowing them to propose lower impact practices to individuals and organizations who need to balance wood production with maintenance of environmental quality. Underlying principles of growth, from seed to mature trees, and stand dynamics are explored. Various alternative methods of manipulating growth, stand structure and development, ranging from little to large perturbations of forest systems, are presented and assessed in terms of their effect on resource quality. Includes laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 4 units.

206. Forest Vegetation Sampling. Theory and application of forest vegetation sampling. Direct and indirect estimation methods that range from timber cruising and inventory to sampling for species composition. Laboratory applications in Duke Forest to include over- and understory vegetation. Instructor: Doggett. 3 units.

207L. Forest Health Management. Fundamentals of forest fire management, entomology and plant pathology (including air pollution and chemical damage) related to understanding their impacts on forest productivity and forest management. Regional case examples and complexes are evaluated in terms of pest-population, forest-stand dynamics; economic and societal constraints; treatment strategies; monitoring systems; and benefit-cost analysis. Approach seeks to develop predictive capabilities in long range pest management and decision making. Field oriented lab focuses on diagnostics and impact analysis. Instructor: Doggett. 4 units.

208. Estuarine Ecosystem Processes. A study of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes that control the structure of estuarine communities. Includes readings, oral presentations, and discussion of current literature from the journal Estuaries. Discussions focus on the management and policy implications of the science. Restricted to graduate students. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: ecology, systematics, or field biology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Kirby-Smith. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

209. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). Open to undergraduates only under Biology 109. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder/Orbach (Beaufort). 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

210. Applied Data Analysis for Environmental Sciences. Graphical and exploratory data analysis; modeling, estimation, and hypothesis testing; analysis of variance; random effect models; nested models; regression and scatterplot smoothing; resampling and randomization methods. Concepts and tools involved in data analysis. Special emphasis on examples drawn from the biological and environmental sciences. Students to be involved in applied work through statistical computing using software, often S-plus, which will highlight the usefulness of exploratory methods of data analysis. Other software, such as SAS, may be introduced. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 240

211. Energy and Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 3 units.

212. Environmental Toxicology. Study of environmental contaminants from a broad perspective encompassing biochemical, ecological, and toxicological principles and methodologies. Discussion of sources, environmental transport and transformation phenomena, accumulation in biota and ecosystems. Impacts at various levels of organization, particularly biochemical and physiological effects. Prerequisites: organic chemistry and vertebrate physiology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.

213. Forest Ecosystems. Emphasis on the processes by which forests circulate, transform, and accumulate energy and materials through interactions of biologic organisms and the forest environment. Ecosystem productivity and cycling of carbon, water, and nutrients provide the basis for lecture and laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 3 units.

214. Landscape Ecology. Emphasis on the role of spatial heterogeneity in terrestrial systems: its detection and description, agents of pattern formation, landscape dynamics and models, and the implications of heterogeneity of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Prerequisites: an intermediate-level ecology course, introductory applied statistics, and Environment 351, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.

216. Applied Population Ecology. Population dynamics of managed and unmanaged populations. A quantitative approach to exploitation and conservation of animal and plant populations, including harvesting, population viability analysis, population genetics. Prerequisites: introductory statistics, calculus, and computer programming or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.

217. Tropical Ecology. Ecosystem, community, and population ecology of tropical plants and animals with application to conservation and sustainable development. Prerequisite: a course in general ecology. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Biology 215

220. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, software and analysis methods. Based on series of self-paced modules with all content provided over the Internet. Basic structure of vector and raster geographic data and spatial analysis methods. Intended to provide self-paced alternative for students interested in gaining an overview of current software and applications. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Halpin. 2 units.

221L. Soil Resources. Emphasis on soil resources as central components of terrestrial ecosystems, as rooting environments for plants, and as porous media for water. Soil physics and chemistry provide the basis for the special problems examined through the course. Laboratory emphasizes field and lab skills, interpretive and analytical. Instructor: Richter. 3 units.

224L. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the coastal zone of the Carolinas. A unifying theme will be the coupling of watersheds, river basins, estuaries, and the coastal ocean through the movement of ground and surface waters. Topics include hydrology, nutrient cycles, sediment-water column interactions, primary and secondary production, and food web dynamics. Sustaining coastal ecosystems in the face of land use change. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructors: Ramus and staff. 4 units. C-L: Biology 219L, Marine Sciences

225. Coastal Ecotoxicology & Pollution. Nonlab version of Environ 225L. Principles of transport, fates, food-web dynamics and biological effects of pollutants in the marine environment. No laboratories. Short local field trips possible. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory chemistry and biology. Instructor: C. Bonaventura. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

225L. Coastal Ecotoxicology and Pollution. Principles of transport, fates, food-web dynamics and biological effects of pollutants in the marine environment. Laboratory to stress standard techniques for assessing pollutant levels and effects. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory chemistry and biology. Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

226. Marine Mammals. Ecology, social organization, behavior, acoustic communication, and management issues. Focused on marine mammals in the southeastern United States (for example, bottlenose dolphin, right whale, West Indian manatee). Only open to undergraduates under Biology 126. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

226L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Environment 226. Laboratory exercises consider social organization and acoustic communication in the local bottlenose dolphin population. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, Reynolds, and staff. 4 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

227. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs, emphasizing their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Will integrate basic ecological concepts with related topics including conservation and management of endangered species, contributions of technology to management of migratory marine species, role of research in national and international law and policy, and veterinary aspects of conservation. Given at Beaufort. Field trip to Trinidad is required. Instructor permission is required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: S. Eckert, K. Eckert. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

227L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Biology including the anatomy, physiology, behavior, life histories, and population dynamics of sea turtles linked to conservation issues and management. Focus on threatened and endangered sea turtle species, with special attention to science and policy issues in United States waters. Includes field experience with the animals and with their habitat requirements. Sea turtle assessment and recovery efforts, fishery-turtle interactions, population modeling and state/national/international management efforts. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 125L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: K. Eckert or S. Eckert. 4 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

228L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Environmental factors, biological rhythms, and behavioral adaptations in the comparative physiology of marine animals. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 150L. Four units (fall); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: Biology 253L, Marine Sciences

229L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. Functional, structural, and evolutionary relationships of biochemical processes of importance to marine organisms. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 155L. Four units (fall and spring); variable credit (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L; and Chemistry 11L, 12L. Instructor: Rittschof (fall and summer). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 255L, Marine Sciences

230L. Weather and Climate. Overview of the science of meteorology and principles of climatology, especially as applied to problems in ecology and natural resource management. Emphasis on the processes and characteristics of weather phenomena and local and regional climates. General introduction to sources of climatic data and climatic data analysis. Includes laboratory. Instructor: Knoerr. 4 units.

234L. Watershed Hydrology. Introduction to the hydrologic cycle with emphasis on the influence of land use, vegetation, soil types, climate, and land forms on water quantity and quality and methods for control. Development of water balance models. Analysis of precipitation patterns, rainfall and runoff, and nonpoint source impacts. Statistical handling and preparation of hydrologic data, simulation and prediction models, introduction to groundwater flow, laboratory and field sampling methods. Instructor: Katul. 4 units.

235. Air Quality Management. Types, sources, effects of air pollutants. Regulatory framework emphasizing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and federal, state, local agency implementation. Application of risk assessment, technology, market incentives to air management. Scientific, policy aspects of acid deposition, global climate change, indoor air, mobile sources control. Dispersion modeling, exposure assessment. Instructor: Vandenberg. 3 units.

236. Water Quality Management. Types, sources, and effects of pollutants. Water quality standards and criteria. Engineering approaches to water management. Mathematical models and their application to water quality management. Federal regulations, in particular, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Policy analysis for water quality management planning. Instructor: Reckhow. 3 units.

239. Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Topics central to both health and ecological risk assessment are explored. Basic concepts of hazard identification, dose-response relationships, exposure assessment, and risk characterization and communication are discussed in the context of both human health and environmental assessment. The basis and rationale for using specific, as well as extrapolated, scientific information and expert judgment, and the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches, are evaluated. Applications emphasizing real cases are used to illustrate the interdisciplinary process and products of risk assessment, as well as the regulatory use of the information. Group projects emphasized. Instructors: Mihaich and McMasters. 3 units.

240. Chemical Fate of Organic Compounds. Equilibrium, kinetic, and analytical approaches applied to quantitative description of processes affecting the distribution and fate of anthropogenic and natural organic compounds in surface and groundwaters, including chemical transfers between air, water, soils/sediments, and biota; and thermochemical and photochemical transformations. The relationships between organic compound structure and environmental behavior will be emphasized. Sampling, detection, identification, and quantification of organic compounds in the environment. Prerequisites: university-level general chemistry and organic chemistry within last four years. Instructor: Stapleton. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 240

246. Survey of Occupational Health and Safety. Occupational risks associated with biological, chemical, ergonomic, radiation, and toxic hazards. The nature and scope of occupational hazards, health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.

247. Survey of Environmental Health and Safety. Environmental risks from the perspective of global ecology, biology, chemistry, and radiation. The nature and scope of environmental hazards, environmental impacts and health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.

251D. International Conservation and Development. Interrelated issues of conservation and development. Topics include the evolution of the two concepts and of theories regarding the relationship between them, the role of science, values, ethics, politics and other issues in informing beliefs about them, and strategies for resolving conflicts between them. While attention will be given to all scales of interaction (i.e. local, regional, national, international), the focus will be on international issues and the `north-south' dimensions of the conservation and development dilemma. Examples from marine and coastal environments will be highlighted. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.

252. Sustainability and Renewable Resource Economics. Economic theories of sustainability, contrasted with other scientific views. Focus on renewable resource economics, modeling, and management. Prerequisite: Environment 270. Instructor: Smith. 3 units.

253L. Sensory Physiology and Behavior of Marine Animals. Sensory physiological principles with emphasis on visual and chemical cues. Laboratories will use behavior to measure physiological processes. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 156L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructors: Rittschof. 4 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

254. Qualitative Research Design in Marine Studies. Examination of the concept of research (philosophy, epistemology, practice) along with methods used widely in the social sciences. Focus is on qualitative methods, and related research ethics, objectives, design, data collection, analysis, and presentation. Consideration of utility of qualitative methods for understanding activities and policy in the marine and coastal environment. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Campbell. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

255. Applied Regression Analysis. Linear regression using both graphical and numerical methods. Model construction, critique, and correction using graphical residual analysis. One-way and two-way analysis of variance; introduction to design of experiments. Use of a standard statistical software package. Applications and examples drawn from various sources, emphasizing the biological and environmental sciences. Prerequisite: Statistics 210B or equivalent. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 242

256S. Seminar in Ocean Sciences. Biological, chemical, physical, and geological aspects of the ocean and their relation to environmental issues. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 2 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

259. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Covers concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Gateway into more advanced training in geospatial analysis curriculum. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.

260. Western Field Trip. One-week trip to observe land management and utilization practices in the western United States. Exposure to ecological, economic, and policy issues, as well as watershed, wildlife, and land use questions. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Edeburn. 1 unit.

261. Geospatial Analysis for Conservation Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support conservation management. Habitat mapping, spatial analysis of animal movements, habitat modeling, and the optimization of nature reserve selection. Requires a fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.

262. Forest Management Traveling Seminar. Covers current topics in the broad field of forest management. Taught as a set of coordinated field trips with expert contacts in sites in the Carolina piedmont, coastal plain, and mountains. Topics of past seminars include fiber utilization, best management practices, forest regeneration, the chip mill issue, forest-pest management, and forest preservation management. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.

264. Applied Differential Equations in Environmental Sciences. General calculus and analytic geometry review; numerical differentiation and integration; analytic and exact methods for first and second order ordinary differential equations (ODE); introduction to higher order linear ODE, numerical integration of ODEs and systems of ODEs; extension of Euler's method to partial differential equations (PDE) with special emphasis on parabolic PDE. Example applications include population forecasting, soil-plant-atmosphere water flow models, ground water and heat flow in soils, and diffusion of gases from leaves into the atmosphere. Prerequisite: Mathematics 31 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Instructor: Katul. 2 units.

265. Geospatial Analysis for Coastal and Marine Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support coastal and marine management. Covers benthic habitat mapping, spatial analysis of marine animal movements, habitat modeling, optimization of marine protected areas. Requires fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.

266. Ecology of Southern Appalachian Forests. Field trips to various forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Species identification, major forest types, field sampling, and history of effects of human activities. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.

267S. Conservation Biology of Marine Mammals. Examination of issues affecting the conservation of marine mammal populations, including: habitat loss and degradation, interactions with commercial fisheries, and direct harvests. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Read. 2 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

270. Resource and Environmental Economics. The application of economic concepts to private- and public-sector decision making concerning natural and environmental resources. Intertemporal resource allocation, benefit-cost analysis, valuation of environmental goods and policy concepts. Prerequisite: introductory course in microeconomics. Instructor: Bennear or Smith. 3 units. C-L: Economics 270, Public Policy Studies 272

271. Economic Analysis of Resource and Environmental Policies. Case and applications oriented course examining current environmental and resource policy issues. Benefits and costs of policies related to sustaining resource productivity and maintaining environmental quality will be analyzed using economic and econometric methods. Topics include benefit-cost analysis, intergenerational equity, externalities, public goods, and property rights. Prerequisite: Environment 270 or equivalent; Economics 149 recommended. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units. C-L: Economics 272

273. Marine Fisheries Policy. Principles, structure, and process of public policy-making for marine fisheries. Topics include local, regional, national, and international approaches to the management of marine fisheries. A social systems approach is used to analyze the biological, ecological, social, and economic aspects of the policy and management process. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

274. Environmental Politics. Environmental policy formation and implementation in comparative perspective. Topics include interest groups, environmental movements and parties, public opinion, political systems and institutions. Case students selected from the United States and other advanced industrialized countries and the developing world. Spring. Instructor: Weinthal. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 274

275S. Protected Areas, Tourism, and Development. Investigates issues of establishing and managing national parks, biosphere reserves, and other protected areas in situations where local populations compete for the same resources. Tourism is considered as a possible source of negative impacts on the protected area and as a source of local economic development. Includes consideration of tourism policy, resource protection strategies, microenterprise development, sustainable agriculture, and forestry. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Staff. 2 units.

276. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 297, Political Science 264, Marine Sciences

277. Professional Ethics for Environmental Practitioners. Give students training and experience in applying moral reasoning to the types of ethical problems likely to be encountered by environmental practitioners. Instructor: Maguire. 1 unit.

279. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. A broad overview of the science of oxidant chemistry in the atmosphere. Basic physical and chemical concepts relevant to the understanding of atmospheric chemistry; several contemporary topics discussed from a process-level perspective. Topics include atmospheric structure and chemical composition; atomic structure and chemical bonds; chemical thermodynamics and kinetics; atmospheric radiation and photochemistry, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry; aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric aerosols; and air quality modeling. Prerequisites: one college-level course each in chemistry and calculus. Instructor: Kasibhatla. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 279

280. Social Science Surveys for Environmental Management. Social science research methods for collecting data for environmental management and policy analysis. Sampling, survey design, focus groups, pretesting, survey implementation, coding, and data analysis. Team projects emphasize development and practice of survey skills. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units.

281. Environmental Law. Examination of contemporary environmental law and its common law antecedents in the context of the American legal system. Objectives are to provide basic training in analyzing cases and statutes, applying knowledge in a classroom setting, and using a law library. Instructor: Heath. 3 units.

284S. Seminar in Land Use Policy. Selected topics in United States land policy. Content varies each offering, but may include regulatory innovations, management of public lands, urban growth management, and landscape protection. Term paper and class presentations required. Half or one course for undergraduates. 1 to 3 units for graduate students. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.

285. Land Use Principles and Policy. Consideration of four major roles of land in the United States: as a producer of commodities, financial asset, component of environmental systems, and location of development. Analysis of market allocation of land, market failure, role of public planning and regulation. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 285

287L. Geospatial Analysis for Water Resources Management. Spatial analysis and image processing applications to support water resources management: water quality, flooding, and water supply primarily at watershed scale. Topics include water resources data modeling, terrain modeling and processing, river and watershed network analysis, and geospatial modeling of hydrologic processes. Knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 4 units.

292L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing special adaptations for life in the sea and factors controlling distribution and abundance of organisms. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 114L. Four units (spring); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort and Bermuda.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructors: Staff (Beaufort); Lomas (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: Marine Sciences

293. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 123. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Barber. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

294. Water Quality Skills. Introduction to field and laboratory techniques for monitoring water quality characteristics including heat properties, BOD, flow, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, benthic invertebrates, and coliform indicators. Emphasis on technical report writing. Prerequisite: Environment 236. Instructor: Stow. 3 units.

295L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 176L, Biology 274L, or Zoology 274L. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 176L. Four units (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); six units (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer or at Bermuda, spring.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructors: Dimock (Beaufort) or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort); Wood (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 274L, Marine Sciences

296. Environmental Conflict Resolution. Practical techniques and scholarly underpinnings of environmental conflict resolution, including interest-based negotiation, mediation, public disputes, science-intensive disputes, and negotiation analysis. In-class time will be spent conducting negotiation role plays of increasing complexity and then debriefing them. Outside of class, students will prepare for the role plays and read background material to aid in debriefing. Students will keep a journal of their experiences. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Maguire. 2 units.

299. Independent Studies and Projects. Directed readings or research at the graduate level to meet the needs of individual students. Consent of instructor required. Units to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: Marine Sciences

309. Wetland Restoration Ecology. Restoration of wetlands requires understanding of wetland hydrology, biogeochemical processes, decomposition, community habitat requirements and soil processes. Factors are discussed in an ecosystem context along with current restoration techniques. Course utilizes newly constructed wetlands in Duke Forest to explore wetland restoration principles. Students teamed together to develop restoration plan for a restored wetland. Final report and oral presentation required. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.

312. Wetlands Ecology and Management. The study of bogs, fens, marshes, and swamps. Emphasis on processes within the ecosystem: biogeochemical cycling, decomposition, hydrology, and primary productivity. Ecosystem structure, the response of these systems to perturbations, and management strategies are discussed. A research project is required. Prerequisites: one course in ecology and chemistry. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.

313. Advanced Topics in Environmental Toxicology. Discussion of current issues. Topics vary but may include chemical carcinogenesis in aquatic animals; biomarkers for exposure and sublethal stress in plants and animals; techniques for ecological hazard assessments; and means of determining population, community, and ecosystem level effects. Lectures and discussions led by instructor, guest speakers, and students. Prerequisite: Environment 212. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.

314. Integrated Case Studies in Toxicology. Students are assigned topics relative to their chosen research discipline in toxicology and are asked to develop case studies to present at a roundtable workshop. Emphasis on review and analysis of toxicological problems from a holistic (multidisciplinary) viewpoint. Offered on demand. Instructor: Abou-Donia. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 314

315. Focused Topics in Toxicology. A contemporary advanced toxicology research area covered with readings from the current primary literature. An integrative review of the topic prepared as a collaborative effort. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisites: Pharmacology 233 and 347. Instructor: Levin. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 315

317. Tropical Forests and Global Change. Tropical ecologists labor to understand how the diversity and dynamics of humid tropical forests are being affected by land use change in the form of ecosystem loss, fragmentation and disturbance regimes. More recently ecologists have begun to realize the complex synergies at various scales that link climate change and land use change in the tropics. Course will consider causes, consequences and possible mitigations of global change for tropical forests in the context of the fundamental ecology of tropical forested ecosystems. Instructor: Bynum. 3 units.

319. Mechanisms in Environmental Toxicology. Provides an in-depth examination of key molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which organisms defend themselves against environmental pollutants. Cellular mechanisms by which chemicals produce toxicity when the defense systems are overwhelmed will be addressed. Includes examinations of ''state of the art'' approaches for experimentally elucidating these phenomena. Course format will be that of a graduate seminar, with lectures given and discussions led by the instructors, guest speakers, and course participants. Prerequisites: one course in biochemistry and one course in toxicology. Instructors: Di Giulio. 3 units.

320. Ecosystem Management. Principles of environmental management in the context of arbitrary temporal and spatial boundaries, complexity, dynamic processes, uncertainty and varied and changing human values. Topics to include adaptive management, decision making in the content of uncertainty, conflict resolution, strategic planning, evaluation and accountability. Case studies will cover terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems and an array of social and institutional settings. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.

321. Advanced Readings in Soil Science. An advanced discussion course based on readings that concern current critical topics in the soil sciences. Readings are selected from both basic and applied aspects of the field. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.

322. Coastal Watershed and Policy. Examine hydrology of coastal watersheds and how watersheds modifications impact estuaries and near shore coastal ecosystems. Hydrologic functioning of natural unaltered watersheds is contrasted with changes caused by man's modification of those systems. Include discussion of efforts to remedy impacts through installation of Best Management Practices and wetlands restoration. Emphasis on gaining understanding of what the impacts of hydrologic change are on biology of coastal waters as watershed development alters the physics, chemistry, and geology of coastal waters. Includes field trips to watersheds in coastal NC. Instructor: Kirby-Smith. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

324. Marine Conservation Biology. Focus on the ecological effects of fishing, the major threat to marine biodiversity, by examining selected case studies, discussing conservation strategies, and learning how science and policy can be integrated to solve real-world problems. We will use the recent report of the Pew Oceans Commission as the starting point of our discussion. Taught at Beaufort. Trip to Hawaii is required. Permission of the instructor is required. Instructor: Read. 3 units. C-L: Marine Sciences

350. Program Evaluations of Environmental Policies. Designed to give students foundation in methods and applications of quantitative program evaluation in environmental policy. Program evaluation seek to identify casual effect of program/regulation/policy on some outcome of interest using statistical methods. Students will learn major empirical methods in program evaluation and apply them to current environmental policies. Spring. Instructor: Bennear. 3 units.

352. Spatial Analysis in Ecology. Techniques of spatial analysis as applied to ecological data, including scaling techniques, pattern analysis, indices of patchiness (adjacency, contagion), and inferential methods (cross-correlation, permutation procedures). Emphasis on hands-on applications in computer lab. Prerequisite: Environment 214 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.

353. Advanced Topics in Landscape Ecology. Small groups of students working together to complete a project in landscape analysis integrating remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and simulation modeling. Expectation is that each student will have experience in at least one of these areas. Consent of instructor required. Offered on demand. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. Variable credit.

354. GIS Analysis for Conservation Management. This course explores applications of geographic and spatial analysis to conservation management issues such as habitat analysis, biodiversity protection assessments, and nature reserve design. The primary goals of the course are: (1) to critically assess the theoretical underpinnings of conservation analysis techniques; and (2) to develop a high level of proficiency in the application of geographic and spatial analysis techniques for conservation management problems. Prior experience with GIS systems and consent of instructor required. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. 3 units.

356. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Introduction to turbulent fluid flow and Navier Stokes equations; basic concepts in statistical fluid mechanics; development of prognostic equations for turbulent fluxes, variances, and turbulent kinetic energy; Monin and Obukhov similarity theory for stratified turbulent boundary layer flows; applications to CO2, water vapor, and heat fluxes from uniform and nonuniform surfaces; the local structure of turbulence and Kolmogorov's theory; turbulent energy transfer and energy cascade between scales; turbulence measurements in the natural environment. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 122L, Mathematics 111 or 135, or equivalent. Instructor: Katul. 3 units.

357L. Satellite Remote Sensing for Environmental Analysis. Environmental analysis using primarily satellite remote sensing. Theoretical and technical underpinnings of remote sensing (georectification, image analysis, classification) coupled with practical applications (land cover mapping, change analysis, ground truth techniques). Strong emphasis on hands-on processing and analysis. Will include variety of image types: multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, radar and others. Prerequisite: Environ 259 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.

358. Multivariate Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Assembly in a lab setting portfolios of strategies for interpreting multivariate ecological datasets such as those relating species abundance to environmental variables, focusing on techniques commonly used by vegetation scientists (for example, ordination, classification, etc.). Emphasis on using and interpreting UNIX and PC-based software. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.

359. Advanced Geospatial Analysis. Provide training in more advanced skills such as: GIS database programming, modeling applications, spatial decision support systems and Internet map server technologies. The course requires a fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory, analysis tools, and applications. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisites: Environment 259 and Environment 282 or 286. Instructor: Halpin. 3 units.

360S. Political Ecology. Seminar to examine concept of political ecology as means of conceptualizing conservation and development conflicts and solutions. Intended to engage students with political ecology to strengthen usefulness, enrich possibilities, and improve participants ongoing research, collaborations and critical inquiries. Enrollment limited to graduate students. Taught at Beaufort. Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.

374. Principles of Management. Provides introduction to business terminology and practices for environmental professionals. Introduce students to foundational concepts and language associated with the different functional areas of the firm and to some of the processes and tools available to organizational managers to enhance organizational effectiveness. Areas covered include finance and accounting, management and leadership, and organizations and strategy. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Emery. 3 units.

379. Natural Resource Economics. Addresses questions about natural resource scarcity using modern capital theory and optimal control theory to derive core results. Two objectives: provide students with a solid foundation in theory of natural resource economics, emphasizing tools and theoretical breadth to enhance research and teaching. Second objective to highlight contemporary themes in theoretical and empirical resource economics. Designed for PhD students in economics, finance, agriculture and resource economics, or public policy (with economics concentration). Prerequisites: one year PhD-level microeconomic theory and econometrics; review of differential equations recommended. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Smith. 3 units. C-L: Economics 379

385. Environmental Decision Analysis. Quantitative methods for analyzing environmental problems involving uncertainty and multiple, conflicting objectives. Topics include subjective probability, utility, value of information, multiattribute methods. Students will apply these tools to an environmental policy decision in a group project. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Anderson. 3 units.

398. Program Area Symposium. Required symposium in each program area. Students present master's project research. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Marine Sciences

399. Master's Project. An applied study of a forestry or environmental management problem or a theoretical research effort. A seminar presentation of the objectives, methodology, and preliminary findings is required. A written (or other medium) report at the conclusion of the project is also required. Undertaken with the guidance of the student's adviser. Consent of instructor required. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: Marine Sciences

405. Environmental Communication for Behavior Change - Online Course. Course provides environmental professionals with a practical introduction to the strategies, methods, and tools of environmental communication that effectively lead to changes in behavior. Emphasis on practical, field-based tools. Intensive online course. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Day. 1 unit.

479. DEL: Contemporary Scientific Understanding of Climate Change. This course will provide students with a broad, policy-relevant overview of contemporary scientific understanding of climate change. The recently-released IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) titled `Climate Change 2007' will provide the framework for discussion of various aspects of climate change, including the fundamental physical science basis, potential impacts and vulnerability, and mitigation of climate change. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Kasibhatla.. 1 unit.

497. Duke Environmental Leadership: Independent Studies and Projects. Directed readings or research at the graduate level to meet the needs of individual students. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.

See "University Program in Genetics and Genomics" (immediately below), and also "Molecular Genetics and Microbiology"

2008-09 Bulletin of the Duke University Graduate School

2008-09 Bulletin of the
Duke University Graduate School