25. Introduction to Environmental Sciences and Policy. An introduction to the study of environmental sciences and policy through exploration of basic environmental principles in the life, physical, and social sciences. Emphasis on understanding how the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere function, and how these spheres interact with human consumption, production, and technological patterns and processes. Field trips to a local site as well as the Duke University Marine Laboratory. Instructors: Christensen or Meyer. 1 unit.
99FCS. Topics in Environment. Topics vary semester to semester. Only open to students in the Focus Program. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
101. Integrating Environmental Sciences and Policy. Interaction between the natural and the social systems as they relate to the environment. Focus on ecological and earth system cycles, processes, and fundamental relationships. The environmental impact of human-induced change at the local, regional, and global levels. The role of technology and the policy process in determining how environmental problems evolve and are addressed. Use of ethical analysis to evaluate environmental tradeoffs. Use of case studies to integrate multiple disciplinary perspectives on environmental problems and to address issues of environmental justice. Not open to first year students. Prerequisite: Environment 25 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Miranda. 1 unit.
103D. Conserving the Variety of Life on Earth. An overview of biological diversity, its patterns, and the current extinction crisis. Historical and theoretical foundations of conservation, from human values and law to criteria and frameworks for setting conservation priorities; island biogeography theory, landscape ecology, and socioeconomic considerations in reserve design; management of endangered species in the wild and in captivity; managing protected areas for long term viability of populations; the role of the landscape matrix around protected areas; and techniques for conserving biological diversity in semi-wild productive ecosystems such as forests. Instructor: Pimm. 1 unit.
110L. Ecology. Physical, chemical, and biological processes that determine the distribution and abundance of plants and animals, emphasizing physiological responses, population dynamics, species interaction, biogeography, nutrient cycling, and energy flow through food webs. Laboratory includes fieldwork. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Mathematics 31. Instructor: Reid. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 110L
126S. Field Methods in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Introduction to basic field methods used in the earth and environmental sciences. Field investigations focus on topics such as groundwater and surface water movements, soil chemistry and identification, topographic and geologic mapping, the atmosphere/soil interface, and plant identification and distributions. Design of a field investigation, collection of data to address a specific goal, and interpretation and reporting of the results. Emphasis on learning to report field results in the format of scientific publications. Visits to five local field sites. Open only to juniors and seniors. Instructor: Klein. 1 unit. C-L: see Earth and Ocean Sciences 126S
129. Environmental Science and Policy of the Tropics. Investigates major environmental issues facing tropical nations using concepts from the natural and physical sciences, the social sciences, and resource management. Topics include: climatic and biogeographical patterns, trends in human population size and demography, historical and contemporary issues in resource use and conservation, and sociological and ethical concerns regarding the source and distribution of economic wealth. (Given in Costa Rica.) Prerequisite: Biology 25 or equivalent. Instructor: Shelly. 1 unit. C-L: International Comparative Studies 103C
130. Energy and the Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 130
131. World Trade In Energy and Mineral Resources. Exploration of the physical, economic and geopolitical flow of energy and mineral resources around the world. Topics include examination of economically important energy and mineral resources, their uses, geologic/geographic distribution, and influence on the economic and political organization of and interaction between nations. The trade of energy and mineral resources explored in light of current demand, remaining supplies, technical and geopolitical accessibility, refining and distribution systems, and pricing, as well as the environmental impacts and future challenges facing continued use of these resources. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12 or Environment 25. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 131
149. United States Environmental Policy. An overview of the major environmental legislation in the United States. Topics include: air and water pollution, hazardous waste, agriculture, wildlife, and institutions. Political, economic, ethical, and scientific analysis. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher or staff. 1 unit. C-L: Public Policy Studies 149
159. Fundamentals of GIS and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Prerequisite: an introductory statistics course. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 159
160. Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. An overview of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment. Topics include chemical characterization of pollutants, chemistry of natural waters, soil sediment chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, transfers between and transformations within environmental compartments, toxicokinetics, cellular metabolism, biological levels of organization, and approaches for assessing chemical hazards. Incorporates case studies focused on human health and ecosystem protection. Prerequisite: Biology 25L; Chemistry 31L and 32L; Chemistry 151L; Mathematics 31. 1 unit.
161. Science and Policy of Natural Catastrophes. In this interdisciplinary course students will conduct a life cycle analysis of a natural disaster. Invited experts will discuss meteorologic, hydrologic and geologic factors that cause disasters; explore how societies plan for and/or respond to the immediate and long-term physical, social, emotional and spiritual issues associated with survival; and present case studies of response, recovery and reconstruction efforts. Students will attend the lecture component of the course and complete on-line quizzes to demonstrate understanding of the material presented. Additionally, they will prepare on individual paper (~ 10 pages) on a relevant topic and one group paper, the results of which will be presented to the class. Instructor: Schaad. 1 unit. C-L: see Engineering 60; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 107
162. Natural Catastrophes: Rebuilding from Ruins. Research Service Learning Gateway course where students will conduct a life cycle analysis of natural disasters. Invited experts will discuss meteorologic, hydrologic and geologic factors that cause disasters; explore how societies plan and/or respond to the immediate and long-term physical, social, emotional and spiritual issues associated with survival; and present case studies of response, recovery and reconstruction efforts. Students will attend the lecture component of the course and complete on-line quizzes to demonstrate understanding of the material presented. For the service learning experience, students will carry out response activities over Spring Break in an area ravaged by a natural disaster. They will keep a journal (audio and written) of their activities, write a brief synopsis (4-5 pages), and make a group oral presentation of their findings following their return. They will also submit a hypothetical research proposal for a project which might stem from the course and their experiences. Instructor: Schaad. 1 unit. C-L: see Engineering 61; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 109
163. Economics of the Environment. The role of the environment in the theory and practice of economics. Topics include ways in which markets fail to efficiently allocate resources in the presence of pollution, along with the array of policies regulators used to correct those failures; the empirical techniques used by economists to put values on environmental commodities; and an examination of questions related to everyday environmental issues, particularly those confronting the developing world. Prerequisite: Economics 105D and Statistics. Instructor: Timmins. 1 unit. C-L: see Economics 163
171. Food and Energy: Applying research and theory to local dining practice. Examination of link between food and energy, both in science and culture. Includes food production, processing, transportation, consumption, and food security. Project groups will design and complete on-campus research and/or evaluation projects around dining at Duke. Application of basic qualitative research methods, including participant observation, personal interview, and content analysis. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit. C-L: Sociology 172
172S. Environmental Conservation and Documentary Photography. Technical and aesthetic training in creating documentaries to communicate critical environmental issues so as to affect societal change. History of the essential role of documentary photography in land conservation, social justice, and protection of biodiversity from the early 1800's to today leads into individual documentary projects. Taught at the Center for Documentary Studies using state of the art camera and audio recording equipment and methods for web and gallery exhibition. Seminar, studio, and study of photography in university archives and field trips. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Satterwhite. 1 unit. C-L: Documentary Studies 172S
173S. Ecosystem Ecology for a Crowded Planet. Concepts of ecosystem ecology within the ethical, social and political context context of current environmental policy issues. Lectures, discussions and class activities examine environmental policy issues, linkage between ecosystem science and political issues. Prerequisites: BIO 110L, 116 or ENV 49S, or by permission. Instructor: Bernhardt. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 172S
179. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Integrated scientific background for the impact of humans on the natural environment. Topics covered include greenhouse gases and climate, local and regional ozone pollution, long-range pollution transport, acid rain, atmospheric particulate matter pollution, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Pre-requisites: Chemistry 31L. 1 unit.
185. Senior Capstone Course. Interdisciplinary and in-depth study of contemporary environmental issues. Content to be determined each semester. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
189. Views of Environmental Change: Documentary Research in Natural Resource Management. Hands-on introduction to the practical skills, theoretical grounding, and ethical sensitivities needed to conduct documentary research on controversial environmental issues. Emphasis on responsibly eliciting and representing diverse stakeholder views. Students will conduct fieldwork on land use change in coastal communities as part of an ongoing Duke Marine Lab research project. Methods introduced will include interviewing, video/audio recording, documentary photography, interview data analysis, and basic video editing. Student teams will produce edited video segments for presentation to a community audience. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Cumming. 1 unit. C-L: Documentary Studies 119
190L. Energy and Environment Design. An integrative design course addressing both creative and practical aspects of the design of systems related to energy and the environment. Development of the creative design process, including problem formulation and needs analysis, feasibility, legal, economic and human factors, environmental impacts, energy efficiency, aesthetics, safety, and design optimization. Application of design methods through a collaborative design project involving students from the Pratt School of Engineering and Trinity College. Open only to students pursuing the undergraduate certificate in Energy and Environment. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit.
191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
191A. Research Independent Study. See Environment 191. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Half course. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.
192. Independent Study. Individual readings course or other non-research-based independent course under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in an academic product. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
197. South African Ecosystems and Diversity. Conceptual themes in ecology emphasizing savannas; also consideration of fynbos, highveld, podocarp forests, coastal and intertidal zones. Topics include climate and geology of South Africa; roles of fire, drought, human presence, invasive species, and herbivores in shaping ecosystems; top-down and bottom-up control of mammalian herbivores; plant pollination and seed dispersal; role of rivers in defining savanna characteristics; origin and maintenance of biodiversity; vertebrate social systems; major research programs in Kruger National Park (taught in Kruger National Park, South Africa). Prerequisite: Biology 25L or equivalent. Instructor: McClearn. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 137
200. Integrated Case Studies. A group of two to four students may plan and conduct integrated research projects on a special topic, not normally covered by courses or seminars. A request to establish such a project should be addressed to the case studies director with an outline of the objectives and methods of study and a plan for presentation of the results to the school. Each participant's adviser will designate the units to be earned (up to six units) and evaluate and grade the work. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
201. Forest Resources Field Skills. Introduction to field techniques commonly used to quantify and sample forest resources: trees, soils, water, and animal resources. Dendrology, vegetation sampling, soil mapping, river flow estimation, field water quality sampling, surveying, and use of compass. Instructor: Richter. 2 units.
203. Conservation Biology: Theory and Practice. An overview of biological diversity, its patterns, and the current extinction crisis. Historical and theoretical foundations of conservation, from human values and law to criteria and frameworks for setting conservation priorities; island biogeography theory, landscape ecology, and socioeconomic considerations in reserve design; management of endangered species in the wild and in captivity; managing protected areas for long term viability of populations; the role of the landscape matrix around protected areas; and techniques for conserving biological diversity in semiwild productive ecosystems like forests. Three field trips. Prerequisite: one ecology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.
205L. Ecological Management of Forest Systems (Silviculture). The aim of the course is to equip future resource managers and environmental consultants with knowledge allowing them to propose lower impact practices to individuals and organizations who need to balance wood production with maintenance of environmental quality. Underlying principles of growth, from seed to mature trees, and stand dynamics are explored. Various alternative methods of manipulating growth, stand structure and development, ranging from little to large perturbations of forest systems, are presented and assessed in terms of their effect on resource quality. Includes laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 4 units.
206. Forest Vegetation Sampling. Theory and application of forest vegetation sampling. Direct and indirect estimation methods that range from timber cruising and inventory to sampling for species composition. Laboratory applications in Duke Forest to include over- and understory vegetation. Instructor: Doggett. 3 units.
207L. Forest Health Management. Fundamentals of forest fire management, entomology and plant pathology (including air pollution and chemical damage) related to understanding their impacts on forest productivity and forest management. Regional case examples and complexes are evaluated in terms of pest-population, forest-stand dynamics; economic and societal constraints; treatment strategies; monitoring systems; and benefit-cost analysis. Approach seeks to develop predictive capabilities in long range pest management and decision making. Field oriented lab focuses on diagnostics and impact analysis. Instructor: Doggett. 4 units.
210. Applied Data Analysis for Environmental Sciences. Graphical and exploratory data analysis; modeling, estimation, and hypothesis testing; analysis of variance; random effect models; nested models; regression and scatterplot smoothing; resampling and randomization methods. Concepts and tools involved in data analysis. Special emphasis on examples drawn from the biological and environmental sciences. Students to be involved in applied work through statistical computing using software, often S-plus, which will highlight the usefulness of exploratory methods of data analysis. Other software, such as SAS, may be introduced. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 240
211. Energy and Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 3 units.
212. Environmental Toxicology. Study of environmental contaminants from a broad perspective encompassing biochemical, ecological, and toxicological principles and methodologies. Discussion of sources, environmental transport and transformation phenomena, accumulation in biota and ecosystems. Impacts at various levels of organization, particularly biochemical and physiological effects. Prerequisites: organic chemistry and vertebrate physiology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.
213. Forest Ecosystems. Emphasis on the processes by which forests circulate, transform, and accumulate energy and materials through interactions of biologic organisms and the forest environment. Ecosystem productivity and cycling of carbon, water, and nutrients provide the basis for lecture and laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 3 units.
214. Landscape Ecology. Emphasis on the role of spatial heterogeneity in terrestrial systems: its detection and description, agents of pattern formation, landscape dynamics and models, and the implications of heterogeneity of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Prerequisites: an intermediate-level ecology course, introductory applied statistics, and Environment 351, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.
216. Applied Population Ecology. Population dynamics of managed and unmanaged populations. A quantitative approach to exploitation and conservation of animal and plant populations, including harvesting, population viability analysis, population genetics. Prerequisites: introductory statistics, calculus, and computer programming or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.
217. Tropical Ecology. Ecosystem, community, and population ecology of tropical plants and animals with application to conservation and sustainable development. Prerequisite: a course in general ecology. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Biology 215
221L. Soil Resources. Emphasis on soil resources as central components of terrestrial ecosystems, as rooting environments for plants, and as porous media for water. Soil physics and chemistry provide the basis for the special problems examined through the course. Laboratory emphasizes field and lab skills, interpretive and analytical. Instructor: Richter. 3 units.
231L. Models for Environmental Data. Formulation of environmental models and applications to data. Topics include physiology, population growth, species interactions, disturbance, and ecosystem dynamics. Model development, analysis, and interpretation. Discussions focus on classical and current primary literature. Lab focuses on analysis of data using R, making use of likelihood models, bootstrapping, and Bayesian approaches. Instructor: Clark. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 268L
234L. Watershed Hydrology. Introduction to the hydrologic cycle with emphasis on the influence of land use, vegetation, soil types, climate, and land forms on water quantity and quality and methods for control. Development of water balance models. Analysis of precipitation patterns, rainfall and runoff, and nonpoint source impacts. Statistical handling and preparation of hydrologic data, simulation and prediction models, introduction to groundwater flow, laboratory and field sampling methods. Instructor: Katul. 4 units.
235. Air Quality Management. Types, sources, effects of air pollutants. Regulatory framework emphasizing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and federal, state, local agency implementation. Application of risk assessment, technology, market incentives to air management. Scientific, policy aspects of acid deposition, global climate change, indoor air, mobile sources control. Dispersion modeling, exposure assessment. Instructor: Vandenberg. 3 units.
236. Water Quality Management. Types, sources, and effects of pollutants. Water quality standards and criteria. Engineering approaches to water management. Mathematical models and their application to water quality management. Federal regulations, in particular, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Policy analysis for water quality management planning. Instructor: Reckhow. 3 units.
238. Global Environmental Health: Economics and Policy. Social science perspective on global environmental health. Students will learn to identify primary environmental causes of high burden diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections; describe how to measure socio-economic impacts of global environmental health diseases; discuss key policies to control global environmental health problems based on private prevention and therapeutic behaviors; and propose frameworks to empirically monitor and evaluate global environmental health policies. A sub-module will focus on climate change and water-borne diseases. Prerequisites: Introductory course in statistics. Instructor: Pattanayak. 3 units. C-L: Global Health Certificate 238, Public Policy Studies 237
239. Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Topics central to both health and ecological risk assessment are explored. Basic concepts of hazard identification, dose-response relationships, exposure assessment, and risk characterization and communication are discussed in the context of both human health and environmental assessment. The basis and rationale for using specific, as well as extrapolated, scientific information and expert judgment, and the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches, are evaluated. Applications emphasizing real cases are used to illustrate the interdisciplinary process and products of risk assessment, as well as the regulatory use of the information. Group projects emphasized. Instructors: Mihaich and McMasters. 3 units.
240. Chemical Fate of Organic Compounds. Equilibrium, kinetic, and analytical approaches applied to quantitative description of processes affecting the distribution and fate of anthropogenic and natural organic compounds in surface and groundwaters, including chemical transfers between air, water, soils/sediments, and biota; and thermochemical and photochemical transformations. The relationships between organic compound structure and environmental behavior will be emphasized. Sampling, detection, identification, and quantification of organic compounds in the environment. Prerequisites: university-level general chemistry and organic chemistry within last four years. Instructor: Stapleton. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 240
242. Environmental Aquatic Chemistry. Principles of chemical equilibria and kinetics applied to quantitative chemical description of natural and engineered aquatic systems. Topics include acid/base equilibrium, the carbonate system, metal complexation, oxidation/reduction reactions, precipitation/dissolution of minerals, and surface absorption. Prerequisite: Civil and Environmental Engineering 120L or Environment 160 or equivalent. Instructor: Hsu-Kim. 3 units. C-L: see Civil Engineering 242
246. Survey of Occupational Health and Safety. Occupational risks associated with biological, chemical, ergonomic, radiation, and toxic hazards. The nature and scope of occupational hazards, health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.
247. Survey of Environmental Health and Safety. Environmental risks from the perspective of global ecology, biology, chemistry, and radiation. The nature and scope of environmental hazards, environmental impacts and health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.
248. Solid Waste Engineering. Engineering design of material and energy recovery systems including traditional and advanced technologies. Sanitary landfills and incineration of solid wastes. Application of systems analysis to collection of municipal refuse. Major design project in solid waste management. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 124L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: see Civil Engineering 248
255. Applied Regression Analysis. Linear regression using both graphical and numerical methods. Model construction, critique, and correction using graphical residual analysis. One-way and two-way analysis of variance; introduction to design of experiments. Use of a standard statistical software package. Applications and examples drawn from various sources, emphasizing the biological and environmental sciences. Prerequisite: Statistics 210B or equivalent. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 242
259. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Covers concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Gateway into more advanced training in geospatial analysis curriculum. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.
260. Western Field Trip. One-week trip to observe land management and utilization practices in the western United States. Exposure to ecological, economic, and policy issues, as well as watershed, wildlife, and land use questions. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Edeburn. 1 unit.
261. Geospatial Analysis for Conservation Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support conservation management. Habitat mapping, spatial analysis of animal movements, habitat modeling, and the optimization of nature reserve selection. Requires a fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.
262. Forest Management Traveling Seminar. Covers current topics in the broad field of forest management. Taught as a set of coordinated field trips with expert contacts in sites in the Carolina piedmont, coastal plain, and mountains. Topics of past seminars include fiber utilization, best management practices, forest regeneration, the chip mill issue, forest-pest management, and forest preservation management. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.
264. Applied Differential Equations in Environmental Sciences. General calculus and analytic geometry review; numerical differentiation and integration; analytic and exact methods for first and second order ordinary differential equations (ODE); introduction to higher order linear ODE, numerical integration of ODEs and systems of ODEs; extension of Euler's method to partial differential equations (PDE) with special emphasis on parabolic PDE. Example applications include population forecasting, soil-plant-atmosphere water flow models, ground water and heat flow in soils, and diffusion of gases from leaves into the atmosphere. Prerequisite: Mathematics 31 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Instructor: Katul. 2 units.
265. Geospatial Analysis for Coastal and Marine Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support coastal and marine management. Covers benthic habitat mapping, spatial analysis of marine animal movements, habitat modeling, optimization of marine protected areas. Requires fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.
266. Ecology of Southern Appalachian Forests. Field trips to various forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Species identification, major forest types, field sampling, and history of effects of human activities. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.
270. Resource and Environmental Economics. The application of economic concepts to private- and public-sector decision making concerning natural and environmental resources. Intertemporal resource allocation, benefit-cost analysis, valuation of environmental goods and policy concepts. Prerequisite: introductory course in microeconomics. Instructor: Bennear or Smith. 3 units. C-L: Economics 270, Public Policy Studies 272
271. Economic Analysis of Resource and Environmental Policies. Case and applications oriented course examining current environmental and resource policy issues. Benefits and costs of policies related to sustaining resource productivity and maintaining environmental quality will be analyzed using economic and econometric methods. Topics include benefit-cost analysis, intergenerational equity, externalities, public goods, and property rights. Prerequisite: Environment 270 or equivalent; Economics 149 recommended. Instructor: Vincent. 3 units. C-L: Economics 272
272. Evaluation of Public Expenditures. Basic development of cost benefit analysis from alternative points of view, for example, equity debt, and economy as a whole. Techniques include: construction of cash flows, alternative investment rules, inflation adjustments, optimal timing and duration of projects, private and social pricing. Adjustments for economic distortions, foreign exchange adjustments, risk and income distribution examined in the context of present value rules. Examples and cases from both developed and developing countries. Instructor: Conrad. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 261; also C-L: Economics 261
274. Environmental Politics. Environmental policy formation and implementation in comparative perspective. Topics include interest groups, environmental movements and parties, public opinion, political systems and institutions. Case students selected from the United States and other advanced industrialized countries and the developing world. Spring. Instructor: Weinthal. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 274
275S. Protected Areas, Tourism, and Development. Investigates issues of establishing and managing national parks, biosphere reserves, and other protected areas in situations where local populations compete for the same resources. Tourism is considered as a possible source of negative impacts on the protected area and as a source of local economic development. Includes consideration of tourism policy, resource protection strategies, microenterprise development, sustainable agriculture, and forestry. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
278. Lessons from Watershed Management in California: Seeing the Big Picture. Watershed formed by Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. History of competing interests and conflicts. Bay Delta Accord and coalition of federal and state agencies (CALFED) management to assure ecological integrity and water supply availability. Geography, stressors, legal claims for water, and attempts to store snowmelt in winter for dispersal throughout year. Instructor: Hinton. 3 units.
279. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. A broad overview of the science of oxidant chemistry in the atmosphere. Basic physical and chemical concepts relevant to the understanding of atmospheric chemistry; several contemporary topics discussed from a process-level perspective. Topics include atmospheric structure and chemical composition; atomic structure and chemical bonds; chemical thermodynamics and kinetics; atmospheric radiation and photochemistry, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry; aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric aerosols; and air quality modeling. Prerequisites: one college-level course each in chemistry and calculus. Instructor: Kasibhatla. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 279
280. Social Science Surveys for Environmental Management. Social science research methods for collecting data for environmental management and policy analysis. Sampling, survey design, focus groups, pretesting, survey implementation, coding, and data analysis. Team projects emphasize development and practice of survey skills. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units.
282. Biogeochemistry. Processes controlling the circulation of carbon and biochemical elements in natural ecosystems and at the global level, with emphasis on soil and surficial processes. Topics include human impact on and social consequences of greenhouse gases, ozone, and heavy metals in the environment. Prerequisite: Chemistry 31L or equivalent; Recommended: Chemistry 32L. Instructor: Bernhardt. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 272
285. Land Use Principles and Policy. Consideration of four major roles of land in the United States: as a producer of commodities, financial asset, component of environmental systems, and location of development. Analysis of market allocation of land, market failure, role of public planning and regulation. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 285
294. Water Quality Skills. Introduction to field and laboratory techniques for monitoring water quality characteristics including heat properties, BOD, flow, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, benthic invertebrates, and coliform indicators. Emphasis on technical report writing. Prerequisite: Environment 236. Instructor: Stow. 3 units.
296. Environmental Conflict Resolution. Practical techniques and scholarly underpinnings of environmental conflict resolution, including interest-based negotiation, mediation, public disputes, science-intensive disputes, and negotiation analysis. In-class time will be spent conducting negotiation role plays of increasing complexity and then debriefing them. Outside of class, students will prepare for the role plays and read background material to aid in debriefing. Students will keep a journal of their experiences. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Maguire. 2 units.
298. Special Topics. Content to be determined each semester. May be repeated. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
299. Independent Studies and Projects. Directed readings or research at the graduate level to meet the needs of individual students. Consent of instructor required. Units to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
301. Topics in Experiential Learning for Environmental Management. Field trips, short courses, guest lectures series and other learning experiences that bring students into practice of environmental management and bring environmental managers to students. Example of topics include sustainable energy and sustainable forest practices. Main mode of instruction: face-to-face participation by students in learning experiences designed by environmental managers; some sections will also include background reading and student project work. Grading: pass/fail, with attendance at all class sessions and completion if any projects required to pass. MEM/MF students may count up to a total of 3 credits toward 48 credits required for the degree. Registration limited to Nicholas School MEM/MF students; undergraduates and PhD students may participate on a non-credit basis if space is available. Fall and Spring. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
302. Program Management for Environmental Professionals. Overview of principles of program management, with application to diverse environmental professions. Lectures, case studies and discussion focus on topics including leadership, organizational structures, managing complex systems, adaptive management, risk and uncertainty, and advocacy within an organization. MEM and MF students only. Instructors: Christensen and Gallagher. 3 units. 3 units.
303. Principles of Environmental Modeling. Design, implementation, and interpretation of mathematical and computer models in environmental science and management. Combination of lectures, discussion sessions, and computer lab exercises. Goals of course are to develop skills: (1) to conceptualize environmental problems and (2) to design, program, implement and interpret mathematical and computer models to help solve environmental problems. Instructor: Reynolds. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 303
309. Wetland Restoration Ecology. Restoration of wetlands requires understanding of wetland hydrology, biogeochemical processes, decomposition, community habitat requirements and soil processes. Factors are discussed in an ecosystem context along with current restoration techniques. Course utilizes newly constructed wetlands in Duke Forest to explore wetland restoration principles. Students teamed together to develop restoration plan for a restored wetland. Final report and oral presentation required. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.
310. Topics in Environmental and Ecological Statistics. Project-based course on environmental and ecological statistics for PhD/MS students. Students work on specific data analysis projects associated with current research. Class consists of modules based on specific topics. Students required to complete introduction module and one additional module. Presentation and discussion of projects after introduction module required. Objective of class to provide statistical guidance in students' thesis research work. Instructor: Qian. 3 units.
312. Wetlands Ecology and Management. The study of bogs, fens, marshes, and swamps. Emphasis on processes within the ecosystem: biogeochemical cycling, decomposition, hydrology, and primary productivity. Ecosystem structure, the response of these systems to perturbations, and management strategies are discussed. A research project is required. Prerequisites: one course in ecology and chemistry. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.
313. Advanced Topics in Environmental Toxicology. Discussion of current issues. Topics vary but may include chemical carcinogenesis in aquatic animals; biomarkers for exposure and sublethal stress in plants and animals; techniques for ecological hazard assessments; and means of determining population, community, and ecosystem level effects. Lectures and discussions led by instructor, guest speakers, and students. Prerequisite: Environment 212. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.
314. Integrated Case Studies in Toxicology. Students are assigned topics relative to their chosen research discipline in toxicology and are asked to develop case studies to present at a roundtable workshop. Emphasis on review and analysis of toxicological problems from a holistic (multidisciplinary) viewpoint. Offered on demand. Instructor: Abou-Donia. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 314
315. Focused Topics in Toxicology. A contemporary advanced toxicology research area covered with readings from the current primary literature. An integrative review of the topic prepared as a collaborative effort. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisites: Pharmacology 233 and 347. Instructor: Levin. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 315
317. Tropical Forests and Global Change. Tropical ecologists labor to understand how the diversity and dynamics of humid tropical forests are being affected by land use change in the form of ecosystem loss, fragmentation and disturbance regimes. More recently ecologists have begun to realize the complex synergies at various scales that link climate change and land use change in the tropics. Course will consider causes, consequences and possible mitigations of global change for tropical forests in the context of the fundamental ecology of tropical forested ecosystems. Instructor: Bynum. 3 units.
319. Mechanisms in Environmental Toxicology. Provides an in-depth examination of key molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which organisms defend themselves against environmental pollutants. Cellular mechanisms by which chemicals produce toxicity when the defense systems are overwhelmed will be addressed. Includes examinations of ''state of the art'' approaches for experimentally elucidating these phenomena. Course format will be that of a graduate seminar, with lectures given and discussions led by the instructors, guest speakers, and course participants. Prerequisites: one course in biochemistry and one course in toxicology. Instructors: Di Giulio. 3 units.
320. Ecosystem Management. Principles of environmental management in the context of arbitrary temporal and spatial boundaries, complexity, dynamic processes, uncertainty and varied and changing human values. Topics to include adaptive management, decision making in the content of uncertainty, conflict resolution, strategic planning, evaluation and accountability. Case studies will cover terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems and an array of social and institutional settings. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.
321. Advanced Readings in Soil Science. An advanced discussion course based on readings that concern current critical topics in the soil sciences. Readings are selected from both basic and applied aspects of the field. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.
326. Global Environmental Politics. Course examines how states and non-states actors cooperate to resolved global environmental problems. Central focus is on the creation of international environmental regimes, their implementation, and effectiveness. Case studies include climate change, ozone depletion, water sharing and dams, fisheries, biodiversity, forestries, oil pollution, sustainable development, environmental security, and trade and the environment. Instructor: Weinthal. 3 units.
331. Sustainable Business Strategy. Businesses are increasingly applying strategic management tools to incorporate consideration of sustainability into decision-making and operations. While some businesses incorporate sustainable practices because of ethical convictions, most businesses are motivated to do so to address pressures from stakeholders such as regulators, shareholders, customers and neighbors and to exploit knowledge and experience for long term competitive advantage. Students will learn how businesses develop and implement strategies to promote sustainability by examining roles and responsibilities of sustainable strategic managers and applying tools of strategic business management to problems of sustainability. Permissino of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.
348. Seminar in Toxicology. A weekly research seminar throughout the year is required of participants in the Toxicology Program. Students, faculty, and invited speakers present their findings. Instructor: Levin. 1 unit. C-L: see Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 348
352. Spatial Analysis in Ecology. Techniques of spatial analysis as applied to ecological data, including scaling techniques, pattern analysis, indices of patchiness (adjacency, contagion), and inferential methods (cross-correlation, permutation procedures). Emphasis on hands-on applications in computer lab. Prerequisite: Environment 214 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.
353. Advanced Topics in Landscape Ecology. Small groups of students working together to complete a project in landscape analysis integrating remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and simulation modeling. Expectation is that each student will have experience in at least one of these areas. Consent of instructor required. Offered on demand. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. Variable credit.
354. GIS Analysis for Conservation Management. This course explores applications of geographic and spatial analysis to conservation management issues such as habitat analysis, biodiversity protection assessments, and nature reserve design. The primary goals of the course are: (1) to critically assess the theoretical underpinnings of conservation analysis techniques; and (2) to develop a high level of proficiency in the application of geographic and spatial analysis techniques for conservation management problems. Prior experience with GIS systems and consent of instructor required. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. 3 units.
356. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Introduction to turbulent fluid flow and Navier Stokes equations; basic concepts in statistical fluid mechanics; development of prognostic equations for turbulent fluxes, variances, and turbulent kinetic energy; Monin and Obukhov similarity theory for stratified turbulent boundary layer flows; applications to CO
2, water vapor, and heat fluxes from uniform and nonuniform surfaces; the local structure of turbulence and Kolmogorov's theory; turbulent energy transfer and energy cascade between scales; turbulence measurements in the natural environment. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 122L, Mathematics 111 or 135, or equivalent. Instructor: Katul. 3 units.
357L. Satellite Remote Sensing for Environmental Analysis. Environmental analysis using primarily satellite remote sensing. Theoretical and technical underpinnings of remote sensing (georectification, image analysis, classification) coupled with practical applications (land cover mapping, change analysis, ground truth techniques). Strong emphasis on hands-on processing and analysis. Will include variety of image types: multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, radar and others. Prerequisite: Environ 259 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.
358. Multivariate Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Assembly in a lab setting portfolios of strategies for interpreting multivariate ecological datasets such as those relating species abundance to environmental variables, focusing on techniques commonly used by vegetation scientists (for example, ordination, classification, etc.). Emphasis on using and interpreting UNIX and PC-based software. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.
364. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Global Health. Students are introduced to the multidisciplinary theories and techniques for assessing and addressing infectious, chronic, and behavioral health problems in less wealthy areas of the world. The course addresses global health issues from disciplines such as: epidemiology, biology, engineering, environment, business, human rights, nursing, psychology, law, public policy, and economics. For example, obesity can be examined in terms of: differential rates around the world; biological and psychological causes; environmental differences; ethics of subsidizing nutritious foods; policies limiting the availability of wealthy nation fast food; the economics consequences of the disease, and intervention. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 254
368. Natural Resources Law. Focus on constitutional, statutory, and common law governing the legal status and management of federal lands and natural resources. Instructor: Law Faculty. 2 units. C-L: see Law 368
374. Principles of Management. Provides introduction to business terminology and practices for environmental professionals. Introduce students to foundational concepts and language associated with the different functional areas of the firm and to some of the processes and tools available to organizational managers to enhance organizational effectiveness. Areas covered include finance and accounting, management and leadership, and organizations and strategy. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Emery. 3 units.
385. Environmental Decision Analysis. Quantitative methods for analyzing environmental problems involving uncertainty and multiple, conflicting objectives. Topics include subjective probability, utility, value of information, multiattribute methods. Students will apply these tools to an environmental policy decision in a group project. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Anderson. 3 units.
391. Environmental Social Science Research Workshop. Seminar format designed to give graduate students in environmental social sciences a venue to present research proposals and preliminary work. Emphasis is on application of social science research methods. Includes presentations by faculty and students. Intended for doctoral students in environmental social sciences. Students wishing to earn more than one credit will prepare an additional separate paper on topic with approval of instructor. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Kramer. Variable credit.
394. Professional and Field Skills. A series of modules offered on a rotating basis over the four semesters of a professional master's program. Modules consist of one to twenty hours of instruction in a skill needed for professional development or competence in field sampling or laboratory techniques. Examples of topics include environmental negotiation; environmental safety; use of computer packages; preparing presentations and written reports; sampling design; field sampling of trees, herbaceous plants, streambottom organisms; toxicological testing using plankton. Instructor: Maguire. Variable credit.
398. Program Area Symposium. Required symposium in each program area. Students present master's project research. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
399. Master's Project. An applied study of a forestry or environmental management problem or a theoretical research effort. A seminar presentation of the objectives, methodology, and preliminary findings is required. A written (or other medium) report at the conclusion of the project is also required. Undertaken with the guidance of the student's adviser. Consent of instructor required. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
405. Environmental Communication for Behavior Change - Online Course. Course provides environmental professionals with a practical introduction to the strategies, methods, and tools of environmental communication that effectively lead to changes in behavior. Emphasis on practical, field-based tools. Intensive online course. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Day. 1 unit.
410. Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act on Federal Lands and Facilities. Overview of NEPA history, purpose, content, case law, and current issues. Discussion of methods of implementing regulations efficiently, conducting and processing an environmental impact analysis, and determining the proper level of documentation to fully record and disclose to the public the results of environmental analysis. Intensive. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit.
417. Preparing and Documenting Environmental Impact Analyses. Principles of how to acquire, assemble, analyze, and present in document form, information required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Extensive practical exercises designed to make use of realistic case study materials provided by students. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
441. Forest Appraisal. Presentation of the principles of real estate appraisal as they apply to valuation problems in forestry. Consideration of appraisal theory, accounting, and tax concepts in forest land management. Application of financial analysis techniques to forest land management through lectures and problem-solving sessions. Staff. Variable credit.
442. New Advances in Ecological Risk Assessment. Overview of ecological risk assessment and discussion of current methods, approaches, and issues. Consideration of both aquatic and terrestrial environments, drawing upon case study illustrations and risk assessment methods with environmental monitoring data. Consent of instructor required. Intensive. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: DiGuilio. 1 unit.
445. GIS-based Analyses for Conservation Management. The goal of this course is to introduce conservation practitioners to the capabilities of GIS-based analyses to serve as an integrating framework for conservation management, providing functionality including data acquisition, management, anlysis and decision support, visualization, and documentation via metadata. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
460. Duke Environmental Leadership: Orientation Course: Making a Difference in the World. One-week course to introduce the curriculum of the Duke Environmental Leadership (DEL) program. Provides framework for program studies. Focus on real-world environmental challenges and timely case studies. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Field studies in Durham and at Duke University Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.
461. Duke Environmental Leadership: Ecosystem Science and Management. Principles of environmental management in the context of arbitrary temporal and spatial boundaries, complexity, dynamic processes, uncertainty, and varied and changing human values. Topics to include adaptive management, decision making in the context of uncertainty, conflict resolution, strategic planning, evaluation, and accountability. Case studies will cover terrestrial aquatic and marine ecosystems and an array of social and institutional settings. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.
462. Duke Environmental Leadership: Economics of Environmental Management. An economic perspective on the management of environmental resources. Conceptual topics emphasized include environmental externalities, market failure, public goods, sustainability, and benefit-cost analysis. Applications illustrate the role of price signals in energy choices, managing renewable resource use over time, use of marketable pollution permits to encourage voluntary reductions in air and water pollution, and the political economy of environmental policy formulation. Case studies examine carbon trading and taxes to address climate change, and economic incentives and values for biodiversity conservation. Instructor consent required. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units.
463. Duke Environmental Leadership: Program Management for Environmental Professionals. In the private and public sectors, as well as not-for-profit organizations, managerial effectiveness is central to environmental leadership. This course will focus on the development of management skills including decision-making, motivation, working in teams, organizational cultures, organizational design, learning organizations and change management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.
464. Duke Environmental Leadership: Environmental Law and Policy. Environmental policies have evolved from strict reliance on command and control systems to experimentation with alternative approaches. In this course students study this evolution by first examining the history and context of U.S. policy development processes and institutions. Command approaches to air and water pollution and waste management are considered along with alternative approaches, such as market-based programs, public-private partnerships and voluntarism. Policies for managing land, natural resources, species protection and addressing transnational and global environmental problems are examined. Policy implementation and devolution of responsibilities to state and local governments and the private sector is stressed. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.
465. DEL: Environmental Leadership Module. One of the driving themes of the DEL-MEM Program is leadership. We believe that leadership is cultivated by each individual and requires time and effort; it is a process. Participation in the DEL-MEM program will put students one step closer in their leadership pursuit by providing opportunities to assess and enhance leadership skills, building confidence in critical and creative thinking, communication, collaboration and conflict resolution. This course is designed to orient students towards these goals. More specifically, to provide a framework and point of reference for students¿ leadership development. During the three-day session, we will explore leadership in a variety ways, including individual meetings with prominent leaders in the field, discussions, and case study project. Students will also experience Washington, D.C. through a tour of the Capitol, meetings with Congressional members and staff, and time on the Mall. For DEL-MEM students only. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.
466. DEL: Professional Writing Course. This course teaches skills and strategies to make the writing process less intimidating and written work more clear and powerful. Comprised of online writing modules that provide examples of excellent nonfiction writing with the goal of identifying what makes the writing successful. Students develop and sharpen their own writing skills through incorporating feedback from a series of drafts. Student writing is reviewed in various forums-including writing workshops, peer reviews, and teacher conferences-to provide detailed feedback, allowing students to rethink and revise their writing. For DEL-MEM students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Reynolds. 1 unit.
470. Duke Environmental Leadership: A Landscape Perspective on Environmental Management. Environmental management is pursued at increasingly larger spatial scales. As a direct consequence, we encounter more spatial heterogeneity and logistical constraints on empirical approaches. The field of landscape ecology specifically addresses issues of spatial scale and heterogeneity as these influence our ecological understanding and management of natural and seminatural systems. This course is an applications-driven survey of common tasks in landscape management, including inventory and monitoring programs and prioritizing sites according to various criteria (e.g., diversity hotspots, environmental impacts). Specific applications emphasize ecosystem processes (productivity, hydrology) and conservation planning at large scales. To address the uncertainty that naturally attends these applications, the course is developed in the framework of adaptive management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.
471. Duke Environmental Leadership: U.S. Land Use Policy. This course covers the economic and demographic forces that drive the allocation of land among alternative uses, and the institutional structure that has evolved in the U.S. at local, state and federal levels to deal with land use problems. Topics include food and timber supply, federal lands, sprawl, industrial siting, property rights, and coastal zone management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Healy. 3 units.
472. DEL: Environmental Decision Analysis. In environmental management, things don't always turn out as expected. You must address multiple goals, even when those goals themselves conflict. You must respond to diverse stakeholders, with varying worldviews. The tools of decision analysis help you to - going beyond unaided intuition - organize and analyze difficult environmental management decisions. This course covers quantitative methods for analyzing environmental problems involving uncertainty and multiple, conflicting objectives. Topics include subjective probability, utility, value of information, and multiattribute methods. Students will apply these tools to an environmental policy decision in a group or individual project. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Maguire. 3 units.
473. DEL: Business Strategy for Environmental Sustainabillity. Businesses are increasingly applying strategic management tools to incorporate considerations of sustainability into decision-making and operations. While some businesses incorporate sustainable practices because of an ethical conviction to do well for the environment, most businesses are motivated to do so to address pressures from stakeholders such as regulators, shareholders, customers and neighbors and to exploit knowledge and expertise for long-term competitive advantage. This course focuses on the development and implementation of strategies to promote environmental sustainability. Students examine roles and responsibilities of sustainable strategic managers and learn how to apply the tools of strategic management, such as external analysis, forecasting and stakeholder management to problems of sustainability. Business case studies are critical component to this course. For DEL-MEM students only Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.
474. DEL: Seeing the Big Picture: Lessons from Watershed Management in California. This course is an exploration of the interdisciplinary and often controversial nature of watershed management in California using examples from arguably the most manipulated and well-studied watershed in the US. These problems and their solutions are relevant to all watersheds. Topics include: host factors governing fish and wildlife responses and effects; fate, transport, and biogeochemistry of agricultural chemicals; exotic species introduction; economics considerations governing water allocations storage; transport, and conservation; and conflict resolution efforts between competing interest groups. Permission of instuctor required. Instructor: Hinton. 3 units.
475. DEL: Ecosystem Change: Science and Management Implications. This course will review classical models and case studies of disturbance and ecosystem succession, patch dynamics, and non-equilibrium models for ecosystem change. Particular attention will be given to the influence invasive species and climate change on patterns succession and to concepts such as multiple stable points and change thresholds. The implications for management of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of these concepts will be emphasized. Lectures, readings, and discussion. Term paper required. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.
476. DEL: Emerging Perspectives on Landscape Management. This course is developed in response to a few emerging trends in environmental management. First, management is being pursued at increasingly larger spatial scales. Second, the context of management is also rapidly changing, including increasing emphasis on multi-criteria or multi-objective programs, prioritization of sites strictly in relationship to a larger network of units, and adaptive approaches to management. Beyond these trends, it is important to note that the tools of environmental management are also evolving rapidly. This module is designed as a "professional update" in emerging trends, as well as an introduction to new methods being applied to these areas. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 1 unit.
477. DEL: Environmental Information and Analysis Systems. Developing, maintaining and sharing high-quality information is one of the fastest growing challenges in the field of environmental management. Environmental researchers and managers are both the developers and consumers of extensive geographic data, imagery and statistical archives. Environmental managers now must meet expectations of real-time data sharing across widely distributed projects within detailed data assurance standards. In order to meet these challenges, managers must understand complex relational databases, internet-based data delivery systems, and international metadata standards. This course focuses on essential issues of database development, delivery and maintenance for environmental managers. The course highlights new developments in digital data archives, internet map servers and collaborative programs, and uses emerging projects, protocols and current case studies to demonstrate good management choices, strategies and evaluation processes. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit.
478. DEL: Energy & Environment Today. This course will provide students with a broad overview of why and how we use energy, the complex system that has evolved for furnishing energy, the challenges that our energy use has spawned, specifically with respect to the environment, and possible paths to a sustainable energy future. The course is designed to give students a framework for thinking about why energy-related events are happening, what that means for future energy uses and societal well-being, and how we might change the system moving forward. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit.
480. DEL: California Water Management Field Trip. California has long been the poster child for conflict over water management and appropriation. Much of that conflict has focused on the diversion of water from the Sierra Nevada and the Great Central Valley. In this 5-day field course we will provide an overview of the hydrology and history of water development of the Central Valley, and focus on three case studies: Hetch Hetchy, the Californian Aquaduct, and the re-watering of the San Joaquin River. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen and Hinton. 1 unit.
481. DEL: Environmental Entrepreneurship. This course will address the following seven questions: 1) What is entreperneurship? 2) What is sociol entreperneurship? 3) What is environmental entrepreneurship? 4) What differentiates an idea from an opportunity? 5) Is climate/environmental change a source of entreperneurial opportunity? 6) Is market failure a source of entrepreneurial opportunity? 7) Are others' waste products a source of entrepreneurial opportunity? Students will craft an executive summary for a business model that will pursue a viable opportunity for environmental entrepreneurship. One credit. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Archer. 1 unit.
482. DEL: Sustainable Development in Chile. In this 5-day field course we will provide an overview of international sustainable development in Chile, while focusing on environmental management at the government level, sustainable forestry, fisheries, and wineries, and eco-tourism. Two credits. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Gallagher and Healy. 2 units.
483. DEL: Green Development. In this course, students will explore the varying definitions of green development; how it is applied at the community, site, and building level; what it can cost; how it can create economic, social and environmental values; how it can be measured; who is practicing and implementing it; how it is financed; and what third-party standards exisist to verify it. The class will also explore new opportunities and new models for green development along with its various challenges and limitations. Students will examine these topics through structured discussion boards, readings, lectures, conference calls, memorandum writing, analytical excercises and group presentations. Three credits. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Wedding. 3 units.
484. DEL: Changing Tropical Ecosystems. The tropical regions of the earth contain the majority of the world’s biological diversity, as well as the majority of the world’s human population and its cultural diversity. This course will identify the primary drivers of change for tropical ecosystems, with a particular focus on land use change and present and future effects of global climate change. Possible solutions and mitigations for the threats that face tropical ecosystems, and by extension, human populations in the tropics and globally will then be considered. Three credits with field component, two credits without. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Bynum. Variable credit.
499. Duke Environmental Leadership: Master's Project. An applied study of a forestry or environmental management problem or an original research effort. A seminar presentation of the objectives, methodology, and preliminary findings is required. A written (or other medium) report at the conclusion of the project is also required. Undertaken with the guidance of the student's advisor. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 4 units.
11. The Dynamic Earth. Introduction to the dynamic processes that shape the Earth and the environment and their impact upon society. Volcanoes, earthquakes, seafloor spreading, floods, landslides, groundwater, seashores and geohazards. Emphasis on examining the lines of inductive and deductive reasoning, quantitative methods, modes of inquiry, and technological developments that lead to understanding the Earth's dynamic systems. Instructors: Baker, Klein, Murray, Glass. 1 unit.
12. The Dynamic Oceans. The oceans and their impact on the Earth's surface, climate, and society. Topics include seafloor evolution, marine hazards, ocean currents and climate, waves and beach erosion, tides, hurricanes/cyclones, marine life and ecosystems, and marine resources. Emphasis on the historical, society and economic roots of oceanography, the formulation and testing of hypotheses, quantitative assessment of data, and technological developments that lead to understanding of current and future societal issues involving the oceans. Includes a field trip at the Duke University Marine Laboratory. Required fee for trip. Instructors: Corliss, Glass, Murray. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 53
102. Ocean and Atmosphere Dynamics. Introduction to the dynamics of ocean and atmospheric circulations, with particular emphasis on the global climate cycle. Prerequisites: Mathematics 31 and 32, Physics 53L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Lozier. 1 unit.
103S. The Surface of the Earth. Fundamental earth surface processes involving weathering, soils, hillslopes, rivers, wind, glaciers, and tectonic activity. Humans as agents of landscape change. The future of landscape. Prerequisites: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Haff or Murray. 1 unit. C-L: Visual Studies 111AS
107L. The Evolving Earth and Life. Evolution of the earth and life through time. Weekend field trip to Appalachian Mountains. Recommended: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11. Instructor: Corliss. 1 unit.
115. Waves, Beaches, and Coastline Dynamics. Oceanographic and geologic processes responsible for the evolution of nearshore features; fluid motions of many time scales in the nearshore environment, including waves and currents. Conceptual basis for models of how fluid motions interact with the shape of the beach and bed in the surf zone, giving rise to features such as beach cusps, bars, channels, and barrier islands. Various attempted engineering and coastal management solutions to the global retreat of shorelines. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Instructor: Murray. 1 unit.
116. Beach and Island Geological Processes. Field seminar on the evolution of beaches and barrier islands with emphasis on the interactions between nearshore processes and human development. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 115/215 or consent of instructor. Also taught as Earth and Ocean Sciences 202. Instructor: Murray. 0.5 units.
120. Environmental Geology. A case history, field and lab exercise, and quantitative model approach to the role of geological materials and processes in environmental assessment studies. The quantitative and qualitative impact of rock type, faulting, folding, volcanism, weathering, erosion, flooding, and underground fluid flow on the human environment. An introduction to quantitative probabilistic hazard analysis and its application to establishing monetary cost/benefit ratios. The basics of engineering geology in environmental studies. Cases taken from current and past geological studies of environmentally sensitive sites. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 224
123. Hydrogeology. An overview of the hydrologic cycle and its impact on global climate and local environmental problems. Examines ethical dilemmas encountered in communicating environmental analysis to the public. Prerequisite: Mathematics 32 and Chemistry 31L or equivalent, or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Vengosh. 1 unit.
125. The Future. Introduction to the future as a continuation of the geological, biological, and technological evolution of the Earth. Topics include developments and trends in computation, the internet, nanotechnology, space exploration, artificial intelligence, robots and biotechnology and their effects in society. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Haff. 1 unit.
126S. Field Methods in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Introduction to basic field methods used in the earth and environmental sciences. Field investigations focus on topics such as groundwater and surface water movements, soil chemistry and identification, topographic and geologic mapping, the atmosphere/soil interface, and plant identification and distributions. Design of a field investigation, collection of data to address a specific goal, and interpretation and reporting of the results. Emphasis on learning to report field results in the format of scientific publications. Visits to five local field sites. Open only to juniors and seniors. Instructor: Klein. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 126S
130. Energy and the Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 130
131. World Trade In Energy and Mineral Resources. Exploration of the physical, economic and geopolitical flow of energy and mineral resources around the world. Topics include examination of economically important energy and mineral resources, their uses, geologic/geographic distribution, and influence on the economic and political organization of and interaction between nations. The trade of energy and mineral resources explored in light of current demand, remaining supplies, technical and geopolitical accessibility, refining and distribution systems, and pricing, as well as the environmental impacts and future challenges facing continued use of these resources. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12 or Environment 25. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 131
141. Dinosaurs with Feathers and Whales with Legs: Major Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record. Focus on the fossil record of the differentiation of the major vertebrate groups. Study and critical evaluation of the paleontological and neontological evidence for four major macroevolutionary transitions in the history of life: fish to tetrapods, the reptile/mammal differentiation, the evolution of birds from dinosaurs, and the origin of whales. Stresses the importance of the fossil record in the reconstruction of transitions but also covers genetic, physiological, and developmental evidence gathered from living representatives. Required fieldtrip to the Museum of Natural History in Raleigh. Prerequisite: Prior course work in Earth and Ocean Sciences or Biology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Glass. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 145
151S. Global Environmental Change. Topics in the seminar will include climate change, earth surface alteration, prediction, water and carbon cycling, sea-level rise and coastal erosion, biodiversity, fossil fuels and energy resources, water resources, soil fertility, and human impact on coastal zone ecosystems. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Baker. 1 unit.
155. Global Warming. Broad, interdisciplinary course on the science of global warming, its predicted impact, and various policy and technology options that have been proposed to mitigate its effect. Includes a short introduction to climate theory and models, discussions on important greenhouse gas, and model projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
159. Fundamentals of GIS and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Prerequisite: an introductory statistics course. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 159
173. Dinosaurs, Fossil Fish, and Yellowstone. Paleontology, geology, and ecology of Dinosaur National Monument, Fossil Butte National Monument, and Yellowstone National Park. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Consent of instructor required. Recommended prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 107L. Instructor: Corliss. 1 unit.
180S. Volcanology: Geology of Hawaii. Geology of volcanic processes and the benefits and hazards they present to society. Lectures, discussion and student presentations of independent research reports. Required field trip to Hawaii during spring break. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 recommended. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Boudreau. 1 unit.
181S. The American Southwest. Geomorphic and geologic features of arid terrain, including volcanism, tectonics, soils and weathering, paleo-lakes, wind-blown sand and dust, landslides, and alluvial fans. Reconstruction of paleo-landscape processes based on observations of present landforms. Interpretation of landform development and process from geomorphic field evidence. Focus on the Mojave Desert region of California and Nevada. Includes week-long field trip with fees required for the trip. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11, and consent of instructor. Instructor: Haff or Murray. 1 unit.
187S. Marine Geology of South Florida. Spatial and temporal analysis of geology of south Florida. Includes class discussions, required spring break field trip to South Florida, trip presentation, post-trip research paper. Examination of shallow marine sedimentary environments including reefs, mudbanks, and mangrove forests and islands, and their ancient counterparts in rock outcrops and sediment cores. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Dwyer. 1 unit.
189S. Senior Capstone Experience. Senior capstone field trip course. Field location varies. Topics in geology, hydrology, biology, climate, and other environmental subjects as appropriate for field area, especially human impact on the earth and the role of earth scientists as observers and teachers of earth-system change. Course content partially determined by students. Prerequisites: Open only to senior Earth and Ocean Sciences majors. Department consent required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
192. Research Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 191. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
193. Independent Study. Directed reading or individual projects. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
194. Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 193. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
195. Independent Study for Nonmajors. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a term paper containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic at end of semester. Open to qualified juniors and seniors upon approval of the departmental faculty. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
209S. Paleoclimate. Nature and mechanisms of climate variability throughout Earth history. Topics include general theory of climate, paleoclimate modeling and comparisons with observations, methodologies of reconstructing past climate variations, the observational record of paleoclimate extending from the Precambrian through the Ice Ages and Holocene to present, and the impact paleoclimate on biotic evolution/paleogeography and human cultural history. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.
210S. Paleoenvironmental Analysis. Methods of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic analysis. Includes radiometric and other methods of dating, stable isotopes, trace elements, paleobiotic and other methods of reconstructing climate, hydrology and environment of the past. Also includes approaches to modeling paleoenvironmental data. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.
211. The Climate System. Components of the climate system: observed climate change, concept of energy balance, basic circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, introduction to climate models, sample applications of climate models, interactions between the atmosphere/ocean/ and biosphere, land surface, cryosphere (snow and ice), and chemistry of the atmosphere. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
212. Climate Change and Climate Modeling. Course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of physics of climate system and Earth system modeling for scientists, engineers and policy students with physics and mathematics background. Fundamental principles controlling physical and dynamic structure of climate system; discussion of relative roles of natural climate variability and external forces and anthropogenic influences. Explore numerical methods, develop computing skills, and deal with data handing as a means to an end of quantifying climate system behavior. Pre-requisite: EOS 211. Instructor: Li. 3 units.
214. Advanced Issues in Paleoclimatology. Major issues in paleoclimatology including: decadal-millennial climate variability, ice age climates, the deglaciation, nonglacial climates, Paleozoic climates, ice core studies, Snowball Earth, carbon dioxide, volcanism, abrupt climate change, modeling studies, climate and extinctions. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
215. Introduction to Physical Coastal Processes. Nearshore physical processes responsible for the evolution of beaches and barrier islands. Various problems and possible solutions arising from human development of retreating shorelines. Involves a field trip and research paper. 3 units.
220. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Conservation equations for mass, momentum and heat, with an emphasis on large temporal and spatial scales; application to the earth, ocean, and environmental sciences. Some background in differential equations highly recommended. Instructor: Lozier. 3 units.
225. Water Contamination. Geochemistry of water contamination, focusing on behavior of inorganic constituents dissolved in rainwater. Contaminants produced by human interactions with the environment, such as industry and construction. Salinization and desalinization. Prerequisites: Chemistry 22L. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.
226S. Water Forum Speaker Series. Seminar including visiting scholars covering a broad array of issues on water including water quality, hydrogeology, biogeochemistry, water management, water treatment, ecology, water economy, and water policy and law at both the national and international levels. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.
227. International Water Resources. Overview of the hydrology, hydrogeology, water quality, and management of major international water resources. Focus on cross-boundary international rivers and aquifers, up-stream versus down-stream water users, the politics of water sharing and disputes, the role of science in water management, and prospects and implications for future utilization of contaminated rivers and stressed aquifers. Examples from international rivers such as the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Jordan, Colorado, Indus, Ganges, and Mekong and international aquifer systems such as the Mountain aquifer, Gaza Strip, Disi, and Nubian basins in northern Africa. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.
236S. Lithosphere Plate Boundaries. Plate tectonics and the geological and geophysical expression of orogenic belts, spreading centers, transform faults, subduction zones. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 101L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
240. Introduction to Modeling in the Earth Sciences. Elementary methods for quantitatively modeling problems in the earth sciences. Formulation and solution of classical equations that express fundamental behaviors of fluids, sediments, and rocks. Examples from different fields of geology. Simple modeling exercises, including a final project. Instructors: Haff, Murray, and Pratson. 3 units.
243S. Landscape Dynamics. How landscape changes with time. The dynamics and mechanisms of earth surface processes underlying landscape change. Hillslope, fluvial, marine, glacial, volcanic, tectonic and aeolian processes. Reading and discussion of primary literature; several field trips to Duke Forest. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Haff and Pratson. 3 units.
251S. Global Environmental Change. Topics in the seminar will include climate change, earth surface alteration, prediction, water and carbon cycling, sea-level rise and coastal erosion, biodiversity, fossil fuels and energy resources, water resources, soil fertility, human impact on coastal zone ecosystems. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.
267. Analyzing Time and Space Series. Ways to extract information from data; methods for probing time or spatial series including spectral and wavelet analyses, correlation techniques, and nonlinear-dynamics approaches for determining how deterministic and linear the processes producing the data are, and for reconstructing and quantitatively comparing state-space plots. Instructor: Murray. 3 units.
269. Thermodynamics of Geological Systems. Introductory thermodynamics applied to geologic problems through understanding of phase equilibrium. Prerequisites: Earth and Ocean Sciences 101L; and Mathematics 32 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Boudreau. 3 units.
273S. Analytic Techniques. An introduction to advanced analytic procedures used in the earth sciences: such as electron microbeam techniques (scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis) and plasma emission/absorption spectroscopy. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Boudreau. 3 units.
278. Tropical Climate and Paleoclimate. Thermodynamics of tropical climate. Nature and mechanisms of climate variability in the tropics on time scales from daily to multi-millennial. Impact of climatic variability on the tropical biota. Effects of anthropogenic changes of the environment on future climatic change in the tropics and potential extratropical teleconnections. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.
293S. Frontiers of Geology I. Survey of the history, status, and trajectory of ''hard-rock'' petrology, structural geology, tectonics, and geophysics. Instructors: Karson and staff. 3 units.
294S. Frontiers of Geology II. Survey of the history, status, and trajectory of ''soft-rock'' petrology, stratigraphy, sedimentation, geochemistry, hydrology, and paleontology. Instructors: Karson and staff. 3 units.
300. Topics in Earth Processes. A broad overview of earth processes pertaining to human and environmental concerns. Provides the essential background for all environmental fields. Especially relevant to interests in global change, coastal zone processes, energy, and resources. Lectures and panel discussions with faculty from the Nicholas School and invited outside participants. Instructor: Varies. 3 units.
109. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder (Beaufort) and Rubenstein (visiting summer faculty). 1 unit. C-L: Biology 109
114L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing factors controlling distribution and abundances of organisms. The theory, methods, and limitations of biological oceanographic research. The laboratory teaches quantitative methods, experimental design, data acquisition, data processing, and data analysis and culminates in a research cruise where the students organize into a scientific party. One course (spring); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 114L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 114L
115. Environment as Community. Examination of linkages in both directions between community (family, neighborhood) and responsible environmental behavior. Includes on-site collaboration with a local neighborhood having explicit environmental goals. Application of basic qualitative research methods, including participant observation, personal interview, and content analysis. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit. C-L: see Sociology 115
123. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 123; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 122
125. Marine Mammals. The biology of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters. Topics covered include the diversity, evolution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals and their interactions with humans. Detailed consideration given to the adaptations that allow these mammals to live in the sea. Evaluation of the scientific, ethical, and aesthetic factors influencing societal attitudes toward these animals and of their conservation management in light of domestic legislation and international treaties. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 126
125L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Biology 126. Laboratory and field exercises consider social organization, behavior, ecology, communication, and anatomy of local bottlenose dolphins. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, or Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 126L
132S. Current Topics in Oceanography and Marine Biology. Topics including the Iron Hypothesis, toxic algal blooms, and UV light considered through readings in the primary literature and student presentations. Emphasis on critical analysis of methodology, data analysis, and conclusions in primary peer-reviewed literature. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.
133S. Molecular Approaches to Questions of Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution in the Marine Environment. Techniques of molecular biology as they relate to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions. Examples from the subcellular to global scale taken from classic and contemporary readings from the primary scientific literature. Each participant in the course presents a critical analysis of the literature on a chosen subject. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units. C-L: see Biology 133S
134S. Hands on Habitats: Life in Coastal Communities. Natural history and community ecology of coastal habitats. Focus on natural communities and artisan/commercial fishing practices in the coastal ocean, barrier islands, sounds and estuaries. Critical habitats; nursery areas, nesting beaches and rookeries. Commercially important, keystone as well as introduced and endangered vertebrate and invertebrate species. Concurrent enrollment in Humans and the Coast. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Rittschof. 1 unit.
135. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs; emphasis on their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Basic ecological concepts integrated with related topics including the conservation and management of endangered species, the contributions of technology to the management of migratory marine species, the role of research in national and international law and policy, and the veterinary aspects of conservation. (Given at Beaufort.) Field trip to Trinidad required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: K. Eckert and S. Eckert. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 125
135L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Laboratory version of Biology 125. Includes laboratory and field experience with animals and with their habitat requirements. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 125L
139L. Marine Ecology. Factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms. Course structure integrates lectures and field excursions. Topics include characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Not open to students who have taken Biology 203L. (Given at Beaufort fall and summer.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort). 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 129L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 129L
141S. Humans and Development of North Carolina Coasts. Human behaviors, laws and policies that affect development related to coasts and coastal oceans. Leisure tourism development of barrier islands and sounds. Special interests, social groups, political groups and cross cultural conflicts and their resolution. Concurrent enrollment with Hands on Habitats. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
150L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Comparative physiology of estuarine and marine animals. Physics and chemistry of estuarine and marine environments and physiological adaptations of animal residents. Focus on theory, behavioral, and physiological responses of animals to the major environmental drivers of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and light. Lectures and laboratories illustrating the approaches and methodology, analysis techniques, and written reporting of classical environmental physiology research. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 150L
155L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. The molecular basis of behavioral and physiological responses of organisms. Evolution of molecular endocrinology and signal transduction pathways. Focus on the theory and research methodology used to study the evolution of molecular signaling and control systems. Research projects using local invertebrates to study behavioral and physiological responses to environmental signals. Field trips include night walks in local environments and marine fossil expeditions to local strip mines involved with production of fertilizer, food additives, cement, and gravel. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L; and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 155L
175. Marine Policy. Policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 1 unit.
176L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 274L. One course (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); one and one-half courses (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Kirby-Smith or staff. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 176L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 176L
188L. Research Methods in Marine Science. Introduction to research methods in the marine sciences through lectures and customized individual independent research. Lectures on all aspects of research including ethics, intellectual property, budgeting, laboratory and reporting practices, data analysis techniques, reporting and presenting. Draft manuscript and proposal for future research and travel to meeting required. (Given at Beaufort, summer) Prerequisite: Introductory biology and permission of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 188L
191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
191A. Research Independent Study. See Environment 191. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Half course. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.
192. Independent Study. Individual readings course or other non-research-based independent course under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in an academic product. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
208. Estuarine Ecosystem Processes. A study of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes that control the structure of estuarine communities. Includes readings, oral presentations, and discussion of current literature from the journal
Estuaries. Discussions focus on the management and policy implications of the science. Restricted to graduate students. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: ecology, systematics, or field biology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
209. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). Open to undergraduates only under Biology 109. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder/Orbach (Beaufort). 3 units.
219L. Marine Ecology. Ecology from a basic science perspective. Laboratories target a science-oriented graduate audience. Lecture topics include factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms, characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Laboratories and field trips cover ecological principles from a basic science perspective. Not open to students who have taken BIO 129L and not open to undergraduates. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith. 4 units. C-L: see Biology 203L
224L. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the coastal zone of the Carolinas. A unifying theme will be the coupling of watersheds, river basins, estuaries, and the coastal ocean through the movement of ground and surface waters. Topics include hydrology, nutrient cycles, sediment-water column interactions, primary and secondary production, and food web dynamics. Sustaining coastal ecosystems in the face of land use change. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: Biology 219L
226. Marine Mammals. Ecology, social organization, behavior, acoustic communication, and management issues. Focused on marine mammals in the southeastern United States (for example, bottlenose dolphin, right whale, West Indian manatee). Only open to undergraduates under Biology 126. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 3 units.
226L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Environment 226. Laboratory exercises consider social organization and acoustic communication in the local bottlenose dolphin population. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, Reynolds, or staff. 4 units.
227. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs, emphasizing their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Will integrate basic ecological concepts with related topics including conservation and management of endangered species, contributions of technology to management of migratory marine species, role of research in national and international law and policy, and veterinary aspects of conservation. Given at Beaufort. Field trip to Trinidad is required. Instructor permission is required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: S. Eckert, K. Eckert. 3 units.
227L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Biology including the anatomy, physiology, behavior, life histories, and population dynamics of sea turtles linked to conservation issues and management. Focus on threatened and endangered sea turtle species, with special attention to science and policy issues in United States waters. Includes field experience with the animals and with their habitat requirements. Sea turtle assessment and recovery efforts, fishery-turtle interactions, population modeling and state/national/international management efforts. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 125L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: K. Eckert or S. Eckert. 4 units.
228L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Environmental factors, biological rhythms, and behavioral adaptations in the comparative physiology of marine animals. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 150L. Four units (fall); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: Biology 253L
229L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. Functional, structural, and evolutionary relationships of biochemical processes of importance to marine organisms. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 155L. Four units (fall and spring); variable credit (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 11L, 12L. Instructor: Rittschof (fall and summer). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 255L
243. Respiratory Proteins and the Environment. Structure, function and evolution of copper and iron based respiratory proteins in response to environmental oxygen levels and physiological needs. Lectures and readings on the balance between pathways for metabolic oxygen utilization and alternative disease-causing pathways involving oxidative and nitrosative reactions. Interactive molecular graphics and student presentations supplement text and lectures. Covers molecular adaptations, circulation, allostery, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, gene expression, blood pathogens, malaria, sickle cell anemia. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: organic chemistry or consent of instructor. Instructor: C. Bonaventura. 3 units. C-L: see Cell Biology 243
253L. Sensory Physiology and Behavior of Marine Animals. Sensory physiological principles with emphasis on visual and chemical cues. Laboratories will use behavior to measure physiological processes. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 156L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Rittschof. 4 units.
254. Qualitative Research Design in Marine Studies. Examination of the concept of research (philosophy, epistemology, practice) along with methods used widely in the social sciences. Focus is on qualitative methods, and related research ethics, objectives, design, data collection, analysis, and presentation. Consideration of utility of qualitative methods for understanding activities and policy in the marine and coastal environment. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.
256S. Seminar in Ocean Sciences. Biological, chemical, physical, and geological aspects of the ocean and their relation to environmental issues. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 2 units.
267S. Conservation Biology of Marine Mammals. Examination of issues affecting the conservation of marine mammal populations, including: habitat loss and degradation, interactions with commercial fisheries, and direct harvests. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Read. 2 units.
273. Marine Fisheries Policy. Principles, structure, and process of public policy-making for marine fisheries. Topics include local, regional, national, and international approaches to the management of marine fisheries. A social systems approach is used to analyze the biological, ecological, social, and economic aspects of the policy and management process. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units.
276. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 297, Political Science 264
292L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing special adaptations for life in the sea and factors controlling distribution and abundance of organisms. Four units (spring); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
293. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 123. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Barber. 3 units.
295L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 176L, Biology 274L, or Zoology 274L. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 176L. Four units (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); six units (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer or at Bermuda, spring.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructors: Dimock (Beaufort) or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort); Wood (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 274L
322. Coastal Watershed and Policy. Examine hydrology of coastal watersheds and how watersheds modifications impact estuaries and near shore coastal ecosystems. Hydrologic functioning of natural unaltered watersheds is contrasted with changes caused by man's modification of those systems. Include discussion of efforts to remedy impacts through installation of Best Management Practices and wetlands restoration. Emphasis on gaining understanding of what the impacts of hydrologic change are on biology of coastal waters as watershed development alters the physics, chemistry, and geology of coastal waters. Includes field trips to watersheds in coastal North Carolina. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
324. Marine Conservation Biology. Focus on the ecological effects of fishing, the major threat to marine biodiversity, by examining selected case studies, discussing conservation strategies, and learning how science and policy can be integrated to solve real-world problems. We will use the recent report of the Pew Oceans Commission as the starting point of our discussion. Taught at Beaufort. Trip to Hawaii is required. Permission of the instructor is required. Instructor: Read. 3 units.
360S. Political Ecology. Seminar to examine concept of political ecology as means of conceptualizing conservation and development conflicts and solutions. Intended to engage students with political ecology to strengthen usefulness, enrich possibilities, and improve participants ongoing research, collaborations and critical inquiries. Enrollment limited to graduate students. Taught at Beaufort. Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.
369. Environmental Law Clinic. Under supervision of Law clinical faculty, students work on current case and policy advocacy priorities as determined by Clinic¿s Advisory Board. Cases and issues undertaken by the Clinic will vary. Skills training emphasizes skills needed to counsel clients, examine witnesses and to advocate effectively in rulemaking and litigation settings. One semester enrollment; 2 semesters with instructor consent. Minimum 100 hours of clinic work per semester plus weekly group training meetings. Must be in third semester in Nicholas School to enroll. Pre-requisite: LAW 235 Environmental Law. Instructor: Longest. 4 units.
370. Fire Ecology and Management. Principles underlying field of fire ecology and skillful application of fire to meet land management objectives are explored through guest lectures, training sessions, readings and assignments. Specific topics range from history of fire in America, to role of fire in landscape change, to relationship of fire to climate change. Prescribed burning and use of fire in the contemporary landscape are important topics in the class. Course credit: 1 unit. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.
10L. Marine Biology. Physical and chemical aspects of estuarine and marine ecosystems and environments. Functional adaptations of marine organisms and the role of man and society on the ecosystems. Includes field trips to local environments with an emphasis on impacted environments and their relation to societal activity and policy. For students not majoring in natural sciences. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
109. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder (Beaufort) and Rubenstein (visiting summer faculty). 1 unit. C-L: Environment 109
114L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing factors controlling distribution and abundances of organisms. The theory, methods, and limitations of biological oceanographic research. The laboratory teaches quantitative methods, experimental design, data acquisition, data processing, and data analysis and culminates in a research cruise where the students organize into a scientific party. One course (spring); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 114L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 114L
123. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 123, Earth and Ocean Sciences 122
125. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs; emphasis on their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Basic ecological concepts integrated with related topics including the conservation and management of endangered species, the contributions of technology to the management of migratory marine species, the role of research in national and international law and policy, and the veterinary aspects of conservation. (Given at Beaufort.) Field trip to Trinidad required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: K. Eckert and S. Eckert. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 135
125L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Laboratory version of Biology 125. Includes laboratory and field experience with animals and with their habitat requirements. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 135L
126. Marine Mammals. The biology of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters. Topics covered include the diversity, evolution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals and their interactions with humans. Detailed consideration given to the adaptations that allow these mammals to live in the sea. Evaluation of the scientific, ethical, and aesthetic factors influencing societal attitudes toward these animals and of their conservation management in light of domestic legislation and international treaties. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 125
126L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Biology 126. Laboratory and field exercises consider social organization, behavior, ecology, communication, and anatomy of local bottlenose dolphins. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, or Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 125L
129L. Marine Ecology. Factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms. Course structure integrates lectures and field excursions. Topics include characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Not open to students who have taken Biology 203L. (Given at Beaufort fall and summer.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort). 1 unit. C-L: Environment 139L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 129L
132S. Marine Biodiversity. Marine biodiversity in the context of theoretical ecology and environmental physiology. Topics include methods for quantifying and evaluating diversity and biological diversity in major marine habitats. Primary literature examples focus on quantifying human impacts and developing conservation measure. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.
133S. Molecular Approaches to Questions of Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution in the Marine Environment. Techniques of molecular biology as they relate to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions. Examples from the subcellular to global scale taken from classic and contemporary readings from the primary scientific literature. Each participant in the course presents a critical analysis of the literature on a chosen subject. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units. C-L: Environment 133S
145. Dinosaurs with Feathers and Whales with Legs: Major Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record. Focus on the fossil record of the differentiation of the major vertebrate groups. Study and critical evaluation of the paleontological and neontological evidence for four major macroevolutionary transitions in the history of life: fish to tetrapods, the reptile/mammal differentiation, the evolution of birds from dinosaurs, and the origin of whales. Stresses the importance of the fossil record in the reconstruction of transitions but also covers genetic, physiological, and developmental evidence gathered from living representatives. Required fieldtrip to the Museum of Natural History in Raleigh. Prerequisite: Prior course work in Earth and Ocean Sciences or Biology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Glass. 1 unit. C-L: see Earth and Ocean Sciences 141
150L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Comparative physiology of estuarine and marine animals. Physics and chemistry of estuarine and marine environments and physiological adaptations of animal residents. Focus on theory, behavioral, and physiological responses of animals to the major environmental drivers of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and light. Lectures and laboratories illustrating the approaches and methodology, analysis techniques, and written reporting of classical environmental physiology research. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 150L
155L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. The molecular basis of behavioral and physiological responses of organisms. Evolution of molecular endocrinology and signal transduction pathways. Focus on the theory and research methodology used to study the evolution of molecular signaling and control systems. Research projects using local invertebrates to study behavioral and physiological responses to environmental signals. Field trips include night walks in local environments and marine fossil expeditions to local strip mines involved with production of fertilizer, food additives, cement, and gravel. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L; and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 155L
156L. Sensory Physiology and Behavior of Marine Animals. Sensory physiological principles with emphasis on visual and chemical cues. Laboratories will use behavior to measure physiological processes. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. 1 unit.
176L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 274L. One course (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); one and one-half courses (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Kirby-Smith or staff. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 176L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 176L
178L. Marine Ichthyology. Overview of the bony and cartilaginous fishes, including their taxonomy, anatomy, functional morphology, and physiology. Aspects of their relationship with humans, specifically how fish biology and life history affect this relationship. Lectures and discussion of current scientific literature, and field/lab experiences to explore and collect data on local fish populations. Quantitative genetic techniques to explore fish population and community structure. (Given at Beaufort.) Pre-requisite: Biology 25L or equivalent, or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Nowacek. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 178L
190. Research Independent Study. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to all qualified students with consent of supervising instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the major product of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to all qualified students with consent of supervising instructor and director of undergraduate studies. May be repeated. Continued in Biology 297. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
193T. Tutorial. For junior and senior majors with consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
197T. Tutorial. For junior and senior majors with consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.
203L. Marine Ecology. Ecology from a basic science perspective. Laboratories target a science-oriented graduate audience. Lecture topics include factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms, characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Laboratories and field trips cover ecological principles from a basic science perspective. Not open to students who have taken BIO 129L and not open to undergraduates. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith. 4 units. C-L: Environment 219L
207AL. Experimental Tropical Marine Ecology. Distribution and density of marine and semi-terrestrial tropical invertebrate populations; behavioral and mechanical adaptations to physical stress, competition, and predation using rapid empirical approaches and hypothesis testing. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of Panama. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Rittschof. 2 units.
207BL. Marine Ecology of the Pacific Coast of California. Ecology of the rocky intertidal, kelp forest, and mud flat habitats. Introduction to marine mammals, fish and other large West Coast vertebrates. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of Northern California. Prerequisite: Concurrent registration in Biology 129L and consent of instructor. Instructor: Crowder. 2 units.
207CL. Ocean Ecosystems. Interaction of physical, chemical and biological processes, emphasizing processes that determine species composition and quality of plants and animals. Field work with marine organisms, especially plankton, sampling habitats from the continental shelf to the subtropical gyre. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience at sea on an oceanographic vessel. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 2 units.
207EL. Harmony in Brittany: French Use of Marine Environments. Intensive field experience on the coast of Brittany, including French maritime cultural heritage, regional and national coastal reserves (Le Parc naturel régional d'Armorique; Presqu'île de Crozon), shellfish aquaculture (La Tremblade), seaweed harvest (Lanildut), and tidal energy (La Rance). Offered only in Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of France over Fall Break. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and consent of instructor. Instructor: Van Dover. 2 units.
216. Sojourn in Singapore: Urban Tropical Ecology. The mix of human ecology, tropical diversity, disturbed habitats and invasive species in Singapore. How Singapore maintains and enhances the quality of life of its citizens while radically modifying its environment. Research on politics, management or biology. Travel to Singapore required. Taught in Beaufort. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Orbach and Rittschof. 3 units.
218L. Barrier Island Ecology. An integration of barrier island plant and animal ecology within the context of geomorphological change and human disturbance. Experimental evidence supporting the theory of barrier island formation and migration; plant and animal adaptations and their evolution, succession ecology, and conservation and restoration ecology. Strong emphasis in labs on independent use of quantitative field observation and research techniques. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L or equivalent; suggested: course in botany or ecology. Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: see Environment 218L
219L. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the coastal zone of the Carolinas. A unifying theme will be the coupling of watersheds, river basins, estuaries, and the coastal ocean through the movement of ground and surface waters. Topics include hydrology, nutrient cycles, sediment-water column interactions, primary and secondary production, and food web dynamics. Sustaining coastal ecosystems in the face of land use change. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: Environment 224L
252. Marine Conservation Biology. Ecological effects of fishing, the major threat to marine biodiversity, examined through selected case studies. Conservation strategies and ways that science and policy can be integrated to solve real-world problems. Field trip to Hawaii required. (Taught at Beaufort.) Instructor: Read. 3 units.
253L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Environmental factors, biological rhythms, and behavioral adaptations in the comparative physiology of marine animals. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 150L. Four units (fall); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 228L
254. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Endocrinology. Comparative study of the major pathways of hormonal regulation from the organismal to the molecular level in vertebrate and invertebrate models. Applications of endocrinology in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and environmental issues. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 152L. A biochemistry course recommended. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Rittschof. 3 units.
255L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. Functional, structural, and evolutionary relationships of biochemical processes of importance to marine organisms. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 155L. Four units (fall and spring); variable credit (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 11L, 12L. Instructor: Rittschof (fall and summer). Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 229L
274L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 176L, Biology 274L, or Zoology 274L. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 176L. Four units (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); six units (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer or at Bermuda, spring.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructors: Dimock (Beaufort) or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort); Wood (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 295L
295S. Special Topics Seminar. Seminar on a selected topic. Offerings vary each semester. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
297. Research Independent Study. Continuation of Biology 191. Individual research and reading of the primary literature in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the major product of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to juniors and seniors only with consent of supervising instructor. May be repeated. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.
351. Tutorial. Carried out under the direction of the appropriate staff members. Consent of instructor required. Hours and credit to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
353. Research. To be carried on under the direction of the appropriate staff members. Consent of instructor required. Hours and credit to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
210. Research Independent Study. Individual Research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.
243. Respiratory Proteins and the Environment. Structure, function and evolution of copper and iron based respiratory proteins in response to environmental oxygen levels and physiological needs. Lectures and readings on the balance between pathways for metabolic oxygen utilization and alternative disease-causing pathways involving oxidative and nitrosative reactions. Interactive molecular graphics and student presentations supplement text and lectures. Covers molecular adaptations, circulation, allostery, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, gene expression, blood pathogens, malaria, sickle cell anemia. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: organic chemistry or consent of instructor. Instructor: C. Bonaventura. 3 units. C-L: Environment 243
122. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 123; also C-L: Environment 123
191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
192. Research Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 191. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
193. Independent Study. Directed reading or individual projects. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
194. Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 193. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
195. Independent Study for Nonmajors. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a term paper containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic at end of semester. Open to qualified juniors and seniors upon approval of the departmental faculty. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.
202. Beach and Island Geological Processes. Field seminar on the evolution of beaches and barrier islands with emphasis on the interactions between nearshore processes and human development. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 115/215 or consent of instructor. Also taught as EOS 116. Instructor: Murray. 2 units.
53L. General Physics I. First part of a two-semester, calculus-based, physics survey course for students planning study in medicine or the life sciences. Topics: kinematics, dynamics, systems of particles, conservation laws, statics, gravitation, fluids, oscillations, mechanical waves, sound, thermal physics, laws of thermodynamics. For credit, enrollment in Physics 53L and a lab/recitation (Physics 53L9,R) section required. Students planning to major in physics should enroll in Physics 41L, 42L in their freshman year. Closed to students having credit for Physics 41L, 61L, or 63L. Prerequisites: one year of college calculus (or equivalent) such as Mathematics 25L, 26L, or 31. Mathematics 32 recommended. Instructor: Mehen or Tornow. 1 unit.
54L. General Physics II. The second part of a two-semester calculus based course providing a survey of the principles of physics for students planning to study medicine or life sciences. Topics include: electrostatic fields and potential, capacitors, DC circuits, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, properties of light (including reflection, refraction, polarization), geometric optics, wave optics (interference and diffraction), atomic and nuclear physics. Students must enroll in both a lecture (Physics 54L) and a lab/recitation (Physics 54L9,R) section in order to receive credit for the course. Closed to students having credit for Physics 42L, 62L or 63L. Prerequisites: Physics 41L, 61L, or 53L. Instructor: Brown or Thomas. 1 unit.
264. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: see Environment 276; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 297
297. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: see Environment 276; also C-L: Political Science 264
Course offerings are subject to change. The student should consult the current university course schedule at http://www.siss.duke.edu/schedule for listings of courses to be offered each semester.
25. Introduction to Environmental Sciences and Policy. An introduction to the study of environmental sciences and policy through exploration of basic environmental principles in the life, physical, and social sciences. Emphasis on understanding how the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere function, and how these spheres interact with human consumption, production, and technological patterns and processes. Field trips to a local site as well as the Duke University Marine Laboratory. Instructors: Christensen or Meyer. 1 unit.49S. First-Year Seminar. Topics vary each semester offered. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.99FCS. Topics in Environment. Topics vary semester to semester. Only open to students in the Focus Program. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.100. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Advanced Special Topics in Environmental Sciences and Policy. Topics differ by section. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.101. Integrating Environmental Sciences and Policy. Interaction between the natural and the social systems as they relate to the environment. Focus on ecological and earth system cycles, processes, and fundamental relationships. The environmental impact of human-induced change at the local, regional, and global levels. The role of technology and the policy process in determining how environmental problems evolve and are addressed. Use of ethical analysis to evaluate environmental tradeoffs. Use of case studies to integrate multiple disciplinary perspectives on environmental problems and to address issues of environmental justice. Not open to first year students. Prerequisite: Environment 25 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Miranda. 1 unit.103D. Conserving the Variety of Life on Earth. An overview of biological diversity, its patterns, and the current extinction crisis. Historical and theoretical foundations of conservation, from human values and law to criteria and frameworks for setting conservation priorities; island biogeography theory, landscape ecology, and socioeconomic considerations in reserve design; management of endangered species in the wild and in captivity; managing protected areas for long term viability of populations; the role of the landscape matrix around protected areas; and techniques for conserving biological diversity in semi-wild productive ecosystems such as forests. Instructor: Pimm. 1 unit.110L. Ecology. Physical, chemical, and biological processes that determine the distribution and abundance of plants and animals, emphasizing physiological responses, population dynamics, species interaction, biogeography, nutrient cycling, and energy flow through food webs. Laboratory includes fieldwork. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Mathematics 31. Instructor: Reid. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 110L126S. Field Methods in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Introduction to basic field methods used in the earth and environmental sciences. Field investigations focus on topics such as groundwater and surface water movements, soil chemistry and identification, topographic and geologic mapping, the atmosphere/soil interface, and plant identification and distributions. Design of a field investigation, collection of data to address a specific goal, and interpretation and reporting of the results. Emphasis on learning to report field results in the format of scientific publications. Visits to five local field sites. Open only to juniors and seniors. Instructor: Klein. 1 unit. C-L: see Earth and Ocean Sciences 126S129. Environmental Science and Policy of the Tropics. Investigates major environmental issues facing tropical nations using concepts from the natural and physical sciences, the social sciences, and resource management. Topics include: climatic and biogeographical patterns, trends in human population size and demography, historical and contemporary issues in resource use and conservation, and sociological and ethical concerns regarding the source and distribution of economic wealth. (Given in Costa Rica.) Prerequisite: Biology 25 or equivalent. Instructor: Shelly. 1 unit. C-L: International Comparative Studies 103C130. Energy and the Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 130131. World Trade In Energy and Mineral Resources. Exploration of the physical, economic and geopolitical flow of energy and mineral resources around the world. Topics include examination of economically important energy and mineral resources, their uses, geologic/geographic distribution, and influence on the economic and political organization of and interaction between nations. The trade of energy and mineral resources explored in light of current demand, remaining supplies, technical and geopolitical accessibility, refining and distribution systems, and pricing, as well as the environmental impacts and future challenges facing continued use of these resources. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12 or Environment 25. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 131149. United States Environmental Policy. An overview of the major environmental legislation in the United States. Topics include: air and water pollution, hazardous waste, agriculture, wildlife, and institutions. Political, economic, ethical, and scientific analysis. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher or staff. 1 unit. C-L: Public Policy Studies 149159. Fundamentals of GIS and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Prerequisite: an introductory statistics course. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 159160. Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. An overview of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment. Topics include chemical characterization of pollutants, chemistry of natural waters, soil sediment chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, transfers between and transformations within environmental compartments, toxicokinetics, cellular metabolism, biological levels of organization, and approaches for assessing chemical hazards. Incorporates case studies focused on human health and ecosystem protection. Prerequisite: Biology 25L; Chemistry 31L and 32L; Chemistry 151L; Mathematics 31. 1 unit.161. Science and Policy of Natural Catastrophes. In this interdisciplinary course students will conduct a life cycle analysis of a natural disaster. Invited experts will discuss meteorologic, hydrologic and geologic factors that cause disasters; explore how societies plan for and/or respond to the immediate and long-term physical, social, emotional and spiritual issues associated with survival; and present case studies of response, recovery and reconstruction efforts. Students will attend the lecture component of the course and complete on-line quizzes to demonstrate understanding of the material presented. Additionally, they will prepare on individual paper (~ 10 pages) on a relevant topic and one group paper, the results of which will be presented to the class. Instructor: Schaad. 1 unit. C-L: see Engineering 60; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 107162. Natural Catastrophes: Rebuilding from Ruins. Research Service Learning Gateway course where students will conduct a life cycle analysis of natural disasters. Invited experts will discuss meteorologic, hydrologic and geologic factors that cause disasters; explore how societies plan and/or respond to the immediate and long-term physical, social, emotional and spiritual issues associated with survival; and present case studies of response, recovery and reconstruction efforts. Students will attend the lecture component of the course and complete on-line quizzes to demonstrate understanding of the material presented. For the service learning experience, students will carry out response activities over Spring Break in an area ravaged by a natural disaster. They will keep a journal (audio and written) of their activities, write a brief synopsis (4-5 pages), and make a group oral presentation of their findings following their return. They will also submit a hypothetical research proposal for a project which might stem from the course and their experiences. Instructor: Schaad. 1 unit. C-L: see Engineering 61; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 109163. Economics of the Environment. The role of the environment in the theory and practice of economics. Topics include ways in which markets fail to efficiently allocate resources in the presence of pollution, along with the array of policies regulators used to correct those failures; the empirical techniques used by economists to put values on environmental commodities; and an examination of questions related to everyday environmental issues, particularly those confronting the developing world. Prerequisite: Economics 105D and Statistics. Instructor: Timmins. 1 unit. C-L: see Economics 163171. Food and Energy: Applying research and theory to local dining practice. Examination of link between food and energy, both in science and culture. Includes food production, processing, transportation, consumption, and food security. Project groups will design and complete on-campus research and/or evaluation projects around dining at Duke. Application of basic qualitative research methods, including participant observation, personal interview, and content analysis. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit. C-L: Sociology 172172S. Environmental Conservation and Documentary Photography. Technical and aesthetic training in creating documentaries to communicate critical environmental issues so as to affect societal change. History of the essential role of documentary photography in land conservation, social justice, and protection of biodiversity from the early 1800's to today leads into individual documentary projects. Taught at the Center for Documentary Studies using state of the art camera and audio recording equipment and methods for web and gallery exhibition. Seminar, studio, and study of photography in university archives and field trips. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Satterwhite. 1 unit. C-L: Documentary Studies 172S173S. Ecosystem Ecology for a Crowded Planet. Concepts of ecosystem ecology within the ethical, social and political context context of current environmental policy issues. Lectures, discussions and class activities examine environmental policy issues, linkage between ecosystem science and political issues. Prerequisites: BIO 110L, 116 or ENV 49S, or by permission. Instructor: Bernhardt. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 172S179. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Integrated scientific background for the impact of humans on the natural environment. Topics covered include greenhouse gases and climate, local and regional ozone pollution, long-range pollution transport, acid rain, atmospheric particulate matter pollution, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Pre-requisites: Chemistry 31L. 1 unit.181. Special Topics in Environmental Sciences and Policy. Content to be determined each semester. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.182. Special Topics in Environmental Sciences and Policy. Content to be determined each semester. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.185. Senior Capstone Course. Interdisciplinary and in-depth study of contemporary environmental issues. Content to be determined each semester. Consent of Instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.189. Views of Environmental Change: Documentary Research in Natural Resource Management. Hands-on introduction to the practical skills, theoretical grounding, and ethical sensitivities needed to conduct documentary research on controversial environmental issues. Emphasis on responsibly eliciting and representing diverse stakeholder views. Students will conduct fieldwork on land use change in coastal communities as part of an ongoing Duke Marine Lab research project. Methods introduced will include interviewing, video/audio recording, documentary photography, interview data analysis, and basic video editing. Student teams will produce edited video segments for presentation to a community audience. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Cumming. 1 unit. C-L: Documentary Studies 119190L. Energy and Environment Design. An integrative design course addressing both creative and practical aspects of the design of systems related to energy and the environment. Development of the creative design process, including problem formulation and needs analysis, feasibility, legal, economic and human factors, environmental impacts, energy efficiency, aesthetics, safety, and design optimization. Application of design methods through a collaborative design project involving students from the Pratt School of Engineering and Trinity College. Open only to students pursuing the undergraduate certificate in Energy and Environment. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit.191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.191A. Research Independent Study. See Environment 191. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Half course. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.192. Independent Study. Individual readings course or other non-research-based independent course under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in an academic product. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.197. South African Ecosystems and Diversity. Conceptual themes in ecology emphasizing savannas; also consideration of fynbos, highveld, podocarp forests, coastal and intertidal zones. Topics include climate and geology of South Africa; roles of fire, drought, human presence, invasive species, and herbivores in shaping ecosystems; top-down and bottom-up control of mammalian herbivores; plant pollination and seed dispersal; role of rivers in defining savanna characteristics; origin and maintenance of biodiversity; vertebrate social systems; major research programs in Kruger National Park (taught in Kruger National Park, South Africa). Prerequisite: Biology 25L or equivalent. Instructor: McClearn. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 137200. Integrated Case Studies. A group of two to four students may plan and conduct integrated research projects on a special topic, not normally covered by courses or seminars. A request to establish such a project should be addressed to the case studies director with an outline of the objectives and methods of study and a plan for presentation of the results to the school. Each participant's adviser will designate the units to be earned (up to six units) and evaluate and grade the work. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.201. Forest Resources Field Skills. Introduction to field techniques commonly used to quantify and sample forest resources: trees, soils, water, and animal resources. Dendrology, vegetation sampling, soil mapping, river flow estimation, field water quality sampling, surveying, and use of compass. Instructor: Richter. 2 units.203. Conservation Biology: Theory and Practice. An overview of biological diversity, its patterns, and the current extinction crisis. Historical and theoretical foundations of conservation, from human values and law to criteria and frameworks for setting conservation priorities; island biogeography theory, landscape ecology, and socioeconomic considerations in reserve design; management of endangered species in the wild and in captivity; managing protected areas for long term viability of populations; the role of the landscape matrix around protected areas; and techniques for conserving biological diversity in semiwild productive ecosystems like forests. Three field trips. Prerequisite: one ecology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.205L. Ecological Management of Forest Systems (Silviculture). The aim of the course is to equip future resource managers and environmental consultants with knowledge allowing them to propose lower impact practices to individuals and organizations who need to balance wood production with maintenance of environmental quality. Underlying principles of growth, from seed to mature trees, and stand dynamics are explored. Various alternative methods of manipulating growth, stand structure and development, ranging from little to large perturbations of forest systems, are presented and assessed in terms of their effect on resource quality. Includes laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 4 units.206. Forest Vegetation Sampling. Theory and application of forest vegetation sampling. Direct and indirect estimation methods that range from timber cruising and inventory to sampling for species composition. Laboratory applications in Duke Forest to include over- and understory vegetation. Instructor: Doggett. 3 units.207. Forest Health Management. Non-lab version of Environment 207L. Instructor: Doggett. 3 units.207L. Forest Health Management. Fundamentals of forest fire management, entomology and plant pathology (including air pollution and chemical damage) related to understanding their impacts on forest productivity and forest management. Regional case examples and complexes are evaluated in terms of pest-population, forest-stand dynamics; economic and societal constraints; treatment strategies; monitoring systems; and benefit-cost analysis. Approach seeks to develop predictive capabilities in long range pest management and decision making. Field oriented lab focuses on diagnostics and impact analysis. Instructor: Doggett. 4 units.210. Applied Data Analysis for Environmental Sciences. Graphical and exploratory data analysis; modeling, estimation, and hypothesis testing; analysis of variance; random effect models; nested models; regression and scatterplot smoothing; resampling and randomization methods. Concepts and tools involved in data analysis. Special emphasis on examples drawn from the biological and environmental sciences. Students to be involved in applied work through statistical computing using software, often S-plus, which will highlight the usefulness of exploratory methods of data analysis. Other software, such as SAS, may be introduced. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 240211. Energy and Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 3 units.212. Environmental Toxicology. Study of environmental contaminants from a broad perspective encompassing biochemical, ecological, and toxicological principles and methodologies. Discussion of sources, environmental transport and transformation phenomena, accumulation in biota and ecosystems. Impacts at various levels of organization, particularly biochemical and physiological effects. Prerequisites: organic chemistry and vertebrate physiology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.213. Forest Ecosystems. Emphasis on the processes by which forests circulate, transform, and accumulate energy and materials through interactions of biologic organisms and the forest environment. Ecosystem productivity and cycling of carbon, water, and nutrients provide the basis for lecture and laboratory. Instructor: Oren. 3 units.214. Landscape Ecology. Emphasis on the role of spatial heterogeneity in terrestrial systems: its detection and description, agents of pattern formation, landscape dynamics and models, and the implications of heterogeneity of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Prerequisites: an intermediate-level ecology course, introductory applied statistics, and Environment 351, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.216. Applied Population Ecology. Population dynamics of managed and unmanaged populations. A quantitative approach to exploitation and conservation of animal and plant populations, including harvesting, population viability analysis, population genetics. Prerequisites: introductory statistics, calculus, and computer programming or consent of instructor. Instructor: Pimm. 3 units.217. Tropical Ecology. Ecosystem, community, and population ecology of tropical plants and animals with application to conservation and sustainable development. Prerequisite: a course in general ecology. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Biology 215221L. Soil Resources. Emphasis on soil resources as central components of terrestrial ecosystems, as rooting environments for plants, and as porous media for water. Soil physics and chemistry provide the basis for the special problems examined through the course. Laboratory emphasizes field and lab skills, interpretive and analytical. Instructor: Richter. 3 units.231L. Models for Environmental Data. Formulation of environmental models and applications to data. Topics include physiology, population growth, species interactions, disturbance, and ecosystem dynamics. Model development, analysis, and interpretation. Discussions focus on classical and current primary literature. Lab focuses on analysis of data using R, making use of likelihood models, bootstrapping, and Bayesian approaches. Instructor: Clark. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 268L234L. Watershed Hydrology. Introduction to the hydrologic cycle with emphasis on the influence of land use, vegetation, soil types, climate, and land forms on water quantity and quality and methods for control. Development of water balance models. Analysis of precipitation patterns, rainfall and runoff, and nonpoint source impacts. Statistical handling and preparation of hydrologic data, simulation and prediction models, introduction to groundwater flow, laboratory and field sampling methods. Instructor: Katul. 4 units.235. Air Quality Management. Types, sources, effects of air pollutants. Regulatory framework emphasizing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and federal, state, local agency implementation. Application of risk assessment, technology, market incentives to air management. Scientific, policy aspects of acid deposition, global climate change, indoor air, mobile sources control. Dispersion modeling, exposure assessment. Instructor: Vandenberg. 3 units.236. Water Quality Management. Types, sources, and effects of pollutants. Water quality standards and criteria. Engineering approaches to water management. Mathematical models and their application to water quality management. Federal regulations, in particular, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Policy analysis for water quality management planning. Instructor: Reckhow. 3 units.238. Global Environmental Health: Economics and Policy. Social science perspective on global environmental health. Students will learn to identify primary environmental causes of high burden diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections; describe how to measure socio-economic impacts of global environmental health diseases; discuss key policies to control global environmental health problems based on private prevention and therapeutic behaviors; and propose frameworks to empirically monitor and evaluate global environmental health policies. A sub-module will focus on climate change and water-borne diseases. Prerequisites: Introductory course in statistics. Instructor: Pattanayak. 3 units. C-L: Global Health Certificate 238, Public Policy Studies 237239. Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Topics central to both health and ecological risk assessment are explored. Basic concepts of hazard identification, dose-response relationships, exposure assessment, and risk characterization and communication are discussed in the context of both human health and environmental assessment. The basis and rationale for using specific, as well as extrapolated, scientific information and expert judgment, and the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches, are evaluated. Applications emphasizing real cases are used to illustrate the interdisciplinary process and products of risk assessment, as well as the regulatory use of the information. Group projects emphasized. Instructors: Mihaich and McMasters. 3 units.240. Chemical Fate of Organic Compounds. Equilibrium, kinetic, and analytical approaches applied to quantitative description of processes affecting the distribution and fate of anthropogenic and natural organic compounds in surface and groundwaters, including chemical transfers between air, water, soils/sediments, and biota; and thermochemical and photochemical transformations. The relationships between organic compound structure and environmental behavior will be emphasized. Sampling, detection, identification, and quantification of organic compounds in the environment. Prerequisites: university-level general chemistry and organic chemistry within last four years. Instructor: Stapleton. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 240242. Environmental Aquatic Chemistry. Principles of chemical equilibria and kinetics applied to quantitative chemical description of natural and engineered aquatic systems. Topics include acid/base equilibrium, the carbonate system, metal complexation, oxidation/reduction reactions, precipitation/dissolution of minerals, and surface absorption. Prerequisite: Civil and Environmental Engineering 120L or Environment 160 or equivalent. Instructor: Hsu-Kim. 3 units. C-L: see Civil Engineering 242246. Survey of Occupational Health and Safety. Occupational risks associated with biological, chemical, ergonomic, radiation, and toxic hazards. The nature and scope of occupational hazards, health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.247. Survey of Environmental Health and Safety. Environmental risks from the perspective of global ecology, biology, chemistry, and radiation. The nature and scope of environmental hazards, environmental impacts and health effects, and risk assessment and management strategies. Open to undergraduates by consent. Instructor: Thomann. 3 units.248. Solid Waste Engineering. Engineering design of material and energy recovery systems including traditional and advanced technologies. Sanitary landfills and incineration of solid wastes. Application of systems analysis to collection of municipal refuse. Major design project in solid waste management. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 124L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: see Civil Engineering 248252. Sustainability and Renewable Resource Economics. Economic theories of sustainability, contrasted with other scientific views. Focus on renewable resource economics, modeling, and management. Prerequisite: Environment 270. Instructor: Smith. 3 units.255. Applied Regression Analysis. Linear regression using both graphical and numerical methods. Model construction, critique, and correction using graphical residual analysis. One-way and two-way analysis of variance; introduction to design of experiments. Use of a standard statistical software package. Applications and examples drawn from various sources, emphasizing the biological and environmental sciences. Prerequisite: Statistics 210B or equivalent. Instructor: Qian. 3 units. C-L: Statistics and Decision Sciences 242259. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Covers concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Gateway into more advanced training in geospatial analysis curriculum. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.260. Western Field Trip. One-week trip to observe land management and utilization practices in the western United States. Exposure to ecological, economic, and policy issues, as well as watershed, wildlife, and land use questions. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Edeburn. 1 unit.261. Geospatial Analysis for Conservation Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support conservation management. Habitat mapping, spatial analysis of animal movements, habitat modeling, and the optimization of nature reserve selection. Requires a fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.262. Forest Management Traveling Seminar. Covers current topics in the broad field of forest management. Taught as a set of coordinated field trips with expert contacts in sites in the Carolina piedmont, coastal plain, and mountains. Topics of past seminars include fiber utilization, best management practices, forest regeneration, the chip mill issue, forest-pest management, and forest preservation management. May be repeated for credit. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.264. Applied Differential Equations in Environmental Sciences. General calculus and analytic geometry review; numerical differentiation and integration; analytic and exact methods for first and second order ordinary differential equations (ODE); introduction to higher order linear ODE, numerical integration of ODEs and systems of ODEs; extension of Euler's method to partial differential equations (PDE) with special emphasis on parabolic PDE. Example applications include population forecasting, soil-plant-atmosphere water flow models, ground water and heat flow in soils, and diffusion of gases from leaves into the atmosphere. Prerequisite: Mathematics 31 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Instructor: Katul. 2 units.265. Geospatial Analysis for Coastal and Marine Management. Application course focusing on spatial analysis and image processing applications to support coastal and marine management. Covers benthic habitat mapping, spatial analysis of marine animal movements, habitat modeling, optimization of marine protected areas. Requires fundamental knowledge of geospatial analysis theory and analysis tools. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: Environment 259. Instructor: Halpin. 4 units.266. Ecology of Southern Appalachian Forests. Field trips to various forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Species identification, major forest types, field sampling, and history of effects of human activities. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.270. Resource and Environmental Economics. The application of economic concepts to private- and public-sector decision making concerning natural and environmental resources. Intertemporal resource allocation, benefit-cost analysis, valuation of environmental goods and policy concepts. Prerequisite: introductory course in microeconomics. Instructor: Bennear or Smith. 3 units. C-L: Economics 270, Public Policy Studies 272271. Economic Analysis of Resource and Environmental Policies. Case and applications oriented course examining current environmental and resource policy issues. Benefits and costs of policies related to sustaining resource productivity and maintaining environmental quality will be analyzed using economic and econometric methods. Topics include benefit-cost analysis, intergenerational equity, externalities, public goods, and property rights. Prerequisite: Environment 270 or equivalent; Economics 149 recommended. Instructor: Vincent. 3 units. C-L: Economics 272272. Evaluation of Public Expenditures. Basic development of cost benefit analysis from alternative points of view, for example, equity debt, and economy as a whole. Techniques include: construction of cash flows, alternative investment rules, inflation adjustments, optimal timing and duration of projects, private and social pricing. Adjustments for economic distortions, foreign exchange adjustments, risk and income distribution examined in the context of present value rules. Examples and cases from both developed and developing countries. Instructor: Conrad. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 261; also C-L: Economics 261274. Environmental Politics. Environmental policy formation and implementation in comparative perspective. Topics include interest groups, environmental movements and parties, public opinion, political systems and institutions. Case students selected from the United States and other advanced industrialized countries and the developing world. Spring. Instructor: Weinthal. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 274275S. Protected Areas, Tourism, and Development. Investigates issues of establishing and managing national parks, biosphere reserves, and other protected areas in situations where local populations compete for the same resources. Tourism is considered as a possible source of negative impacts on the protected area and as a source of local economic development. Includes consideration of tourism policy, resource protection strategies, microenterprise development, sustainable agriculture, and forestry. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.277. Professional Ethics for Environmental Practitioners. Give students training and experience in applying moral reasoning to the types of ethical problems likely to be encountered by environmental practitioners. Instructor: Maguire. 1 unit.278. Lessons from Watershed Management in California: Seeing the Big Picture. Watershed formed by Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. History of competing interests and conflicts. Bay Delta Accord and coalition of federal and state agencies (CALFED) management to assure ecological integrity and water supply availability. Geography, stressors, legal claims for water, and attempts to store snowmelt in winter for dispersal throughout year. Instructor: Hinton. 3 units.279. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. A broad overview of the science of oxidant chemistry in the atmosphere. Basic physical and chemical concepts relevant to the understanding of atmospheric chemistry; several contemporary topics discussed from a process-level perspective. Topics include atmospheric structure and chemical composition; atomic structure and chemical bonds; chemical thermodynamics and kinetics; atmospheric radiation and photochemistry, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry; aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric aerosols; and air quality modeling. Prerequisites: one college-level course each in chemistry and calculus. Instructor: Kasibhatla. 3 units. C-L: Civil Engineering 279280. Social Science Surveys for Environmental Management. Social science research methods for collecting data for environmental management and policy analysis. Sampling, survey design, focus groups, pretesting, survey implementation, coding, and data analysis. Team projects emphasize development and practice of survey skills. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units.282. Biogeochemistry. Processes controlling the circulation of carbon and biochemical elements in natural ecosystems and at the global level, with emphasis on soil and surficial processes. Topics include human impact on and social consequences of greenhouse gases, ozone, and heavy metals in the environment. Prerequisite: Chemistry 31L or equivalent; Recommended: Chemistry 32L. Instructor: Bernhardt. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 272285. Land Use Principles and Policy. Consideration of four major roles of land in the United States: as a producer of commodities, financial asset, component of environmental systems, and location of development. Analysis of market allocation of land, market failure, role of public planning and regulation. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: see Public Policy Studies 285294. Water Quality Skills. Introduction to field and laboratory techniques for monitoring water quality characteristics including heat properties, BOD, flow, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, benthic invertebrates, and coliform indicators. Emphasis on technical report writing. Prerequisite: Environment 236. Instructor: Stow. 3 units.296. Environmental Conflict Resolution. Practical techniques and scholarly underpinnings of environmental conflict resolution, including interest-based negotiation, mediation, public disputes, science-intensive disputes, and negotiation analysis. In-class time will be spent conducting negotiation role plays of increasing complexity and then debriefing them. Outside of class, students will prepare for the role plays and read background material to aid in debriefing. Students will keep a journal of their experiences. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Maguire. 2 units.298. Special Topics. Content to be determined each semester. May be repeated. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.299. Independent Studies and Projects. Directed readings or research at the graduate level to meet the needs of individual students. Consent of instructor required. Units to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.301. Topics in Experiential Learning for Environmental Management. Field trips, short courses, guest lectures series and other learning experiences that bring students into practice of environmental management and bring environmental managers to students. Example of topics include sustainable energy and sustainable forest practices. Main mode of instruction: face-to-face participation by students in learning experiences designed by environmental managers; some sections will also include background reading and student project work. Grading: pass/fail, with attendance at all class sessions and completion if any projects required to pass. MEM/MF students may count up to a total of 3 credits toward 48 credits required for the degree. Registration limited to Nicholas School MEM/MF students; undergraduates and PhD students may participate on a non-credit basis if space is available. Fall and Spring. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.302. Program Management for Environmental Professionals. Overview of principles of program management, with application to diverse environmental professions. Lectures, case studies and discussion focus on topics including leadership, organizational structures, managing complex systems, adaptive management, risk and uncertainty, and advocacy within an organization. MEM and MF students only. Instructors: Christensen and Gallagher. 3 units. 3 units.303. Principles of Environmental Modeling. Design, implementation, and interpretation of mathematical and computer models in environmental science and management. Combination of lectures, discussion sessions, and computer lab exercises. Goals of course are to develop skills: (1) to conceptualize environmental problems and (2) to design, program, implement and interpret mathematical and computer models to help solve environmental problems. Instructor: Reynolds. 3 units. C-L: see Biology 303309. Wetland Restoration Ecology. Restoration of wetlands requires understanding of wetland hydrology, biogeochemical processes, decomposition, community habitat requirements and soil processes. Factors are discussed in an ecosystem context along with current restoration techniques. Course utilizes newly constructed wetlands in Duke Forest to explore wetland restoration principles. Students teamed together to develop restoration plan for a restored wetland. Final report and oral presentation required. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.310. Topics in Environmental and Ecological Statistics. Project-based course on environmental and ecological statistics for PhD/MS students. Students work on specific data analysis projects associated with current research. Class consists of modules based on specific topics. Students required to complete introduction module and one additional module. Presentation and discussion of projects after introduction module required. Objective of class to provide statistical guidance in students' thesis research work. Instructor: Qian. 3 units.312. Wetlands Ecology and Management. The study of bogs, fens, marshes, and swamps. Emphasis on processes within the ecosystem: biogeochemical cycling, decomposition, hydrology, and primary productivity. Ecosystem structure, the response of these systems to perturbations, and management strategies are discussed. A research project is required. Prerequisites: one course in ecology and chemistry. Instructor: Richardson. 3 units.313. Advanced Topics in Environmental Toxicology. Discussion of current issues. Topics vary but may include chemical carcinogenesis in aquatic animals; biomarkers for exposure and sublethal stress in plants and animals; techniques for ecological hazard assessments; and means of determining population, community, and ecosystem level effects. Lectures and discussions led by instructor, guest speakers, and students. Prerequisite: Environment 212. Instructor: Di Giulio. 3 units.314. Integrated Case Studies in Toxicology. Students are assigned topics relative to their chosen research discipline in toxicology and are asked to develop case studies to present at a roundtable workshop. Emphasis on review and analysis of toxicological problems from a holistic (multidisciplinary) viewpoint. Offered on demand. Instructor: Abou-Donia. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 314315. Focused Topics in Toxicology. A contemporary advanced toxicology research area covered with readings from the current primary literature. An integrative review of the topic prepared as a collaborative effort. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisites: Pharmacology 233 and 347. Instructor: Levin. 1 unit. C-L: Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 315317. Tropical Forests and Global Change. Tropical ecologists labor to understand how the diversity and dynamics of humid tropical forests are being affected by land use change in the form of ecosystem loss, fragmentation and disturbance regimes. More recently ecologists have begun to realize the complex synergies at various scales that link climate change and land use change in the tropics. Course will consider causes, consequences and possible mitigations of global change for tropical forests in the context of the fundamental ecology of tropical forested ecosystems. Instructor: Bynum. 3 units.319. Mechanisms in Environmental Toxicology. Provides an in-depth examination of key molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which organisms defend themselves against environmental pollutants. Cellular mechanisms by which chemicals produce toxicity when the defense systems are overwhelmed will be addressed. Includes examinations of ''state of the art'' approaches for experimentally elucidating these phenomena. Course format will be that of a graduate seminar, with lectures given and discussions led by the instructors, guest speakers, and course participants. Prerequisites: one course in biochemistry and one course in toxicology. Instructors: Di Giulio. 3 units.320. Ecosystem Management. Principles of environmental management in the context of arbitrary temporal and spatial boundaries, complexity, dynamic processes, uncertainty and varied and changing human values. Topics to include adaptive management, decision making in the content of uncertainty, conflict resolution, strategic planning, evaluation and accountability. Case studies will cover terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems and an array of social and institutional settings. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.321. Advanced Readings in Soil Science. An advanced discussion course based on readings that concern current critical topics in the soil sciences. Readings are selected from both basic and applied aspects of the field. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.326. Global Environmental Politics. Course examines how states and non-states actors cooperate to resolved global environmental problems. Central focus is on the creation of international environmental regimes, their implementation, and effectiveness. Case studies include climate change, ozone depletion, water sharing and dams, fisheries, biodiversity, forestries, oil pollution, sustainable development, environmental security, and trade and the environment. Instructor: Weinthal. 3 units.331. Sustainable Business Strategy. Businesses are increasingly applying strategic management tools to incorporate consideration of sustainability into decision-making and operations. While some businesses incorporate sustainable practices because of ethical convictions, most businesses are motivated to do so to address pressures from stakeholders such as regulators, shareholders, customers and neighbors and to exploit knowledge and experience for long term competitive advantage. Students will learn how businesses develop and implement strategies to promote sustainability by examining roles and responsibilities of sustainable strategic managers and applying tools of strategic business management to problems of sustainability. Permissino of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.338. Environmental Modeling: A Bayesian Perspective. Introduction to Bayesian hierarchical and Bayesian networks models and their applications in water quality modeling and assessment. Offered in Spring. Instructor: Reckhow. 2 units.348. Seminar in Toxicology. A weekly research seminar throughout the year is required of participants in the Toxicology Program. Students, faculty, and invited speakers present their findings. Instructor: Levin. 1 unit. C-L: see Pharmacology and Cancer Biology 348352. Spatial Analysis in Ecology. Techniques of spatial analysis as applied to ecological data, including scaling techniques, pattern analysis, indices of patchiness (adjacency, contagion), and inferential methods (cross-correlation, permutation procedures). Emphasis on hands-on applications in computer lab. Prerequisite: Environment 214 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.353. Advanced Topics in Landscape Ecology. Small groups of students working together to complete a project in landscape analysis integrating remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and simulation modeling. Expectation is that each student will have experience in at least one of these areas. Consent of instructor required. Offered on demand. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. Variable credit.354. GIS Analysis for Conservation Management. This course explores applications of geographic and spatial analysis to conservation management issues such as habitat analysis, biodiversity protection assessments, and nature reserve design. The primary goals of the course are: (1) to critically assess the theoretical underpinnings of conservation analysis techniques; and (2) to develop a high level of proficiency in the application of geographic and spatial analysis techniques for conservation management problems. Prior experience with GIS systems and consent of instructor required. Instructors: Halpin and Urban. 3 units.356. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Introduction to turbulent fluid flow and Navier Stokes equations; basic concepts in statistical fluid mechanics; development of prognostic equations for turbulent fluxes, variances, and turbulent kinetic energy; Monin and Obukhov similarity theory for stratified turbulent boundary layer flows; applications to CO2, water vapor, and heat fluxes from uniform and nonuniform surfaces; the local structure of turbulence and Kolmogorov's theory; turbulent energy transfer and energy cascade between scales; turbulence measurements in the natural environment. Prerequisite: Civil Engineering 122L, Mathematics 111 or 135, or equivalent. Instructor: Katul. 3 units.357L. Satellite Remote Sensing for Environmental Analysis. Environmental analysis using primarily satellite remote sensing. Theoretical and technical underpinnings of remote sensing (georectification, image analysis, classification) coupled with practical applications (land cover mapping, change analysis, ground truth techniques). Strong emphasis on hands-on processing and analysis. Will include variety of image types: multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, radar and others. Prerequisite: Environ 259 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Swenson. 4 units.358. Multivariate Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Assembly in a lab setting portfolios of strategies for interpreting multivariate ecological datasets such as those relating species abundance to environmental variables, focusing on techniques commonly used by vegetation scientists (for example, ordination, classification, etc.). Emphasis on using and interpreting UNIX and PC-based software. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.364. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Global Health. Students are introduced to the multidisciplinary theories and techniques for assessing and addressing infectious, chronic, and behavioral health problems in less wealthy areas of the world. The course addresses global health issues from disciplines such as: epidemiology, biology, engineering, environment, business, human rights, nursing, psychology, law, public policy, and economics. For example, obesity can be examined in terms of: differential rates around the world; biological and psychological causes; environmental differences; ethics of subsidizing nutritious foods; policies limiting the availability of wealthy nation fast food; the economics consequences of the disease, and intervention. Instructor: Staff. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 254368. Natural Resources Law. Focus on constitutional, statutory, and common law governing the legal status and management of federal lands and natural resources. Instructor: Law Faculty. 2 units. C-L: see Law 368374. Principles of Management. Provides introduction to business terminology and practices for environmental professionals. Introduce students to foundational concepts and language associated with the different functional areas of the firm and to some of the processes and tools available to organizational managers to enhance organizational effectiveness. Areas covered include finance and accounting, management and leadership, and organizations and strategy. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Emery. 3 units.385. Environmental Decision Analysis. Quantitative methods for analyzing environmental problems involving uncertainty and multiple, conflicting objectives. Topics include subjective probability, utility, value of information, multiattribute methods. Students will apply these tools to an environmental policy decision in a group project. Prerequisite: introductory applied statistics or equivalent. Instructor: Anderson. 3 units.391. Environmental Social Science Research Workshop. Seminar format designed to give graduate students in environmental social sciences a venue to present research proposals and preliminary work. Emphasis is on application of social science research methods. Includes presentations by faculty and students. Intended for doctoral students in environmental social sciences. Students wishing to earn more than one credit will prepare an additional separate paper on topic with approval of instructor. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Kramer. Variable credit.394. Professional and Field Skills. A series of modules offered on a rotating basis over the four semesters of a professional master's program. Modules consist of one to twenty hours of instruction in a skill needed for professional development or competence in field sampling or laboratory techniques. Examples of topics include environmental negotiation; environmental safety; use of computer packages; preparing presentations and written reports; sampling design; field sampling of trees, herbaceous plants, streambottom organisms; toxicological testing using plankton. Instructor: Maguire. Variable credit.398. Program Area Symposium. Required symposium in each program area. Students present master's project research. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.399. Master's Project. An applied study of a forestry or environmental management problem or a theoretical research effort. A seminar presentation of the objectives, methodology, and preliminary findings is required. A written (or other medium) report at the conclusion of the project is also required. Undertaken with the guidance of the student's adviser. Consent of instructor required. Pass/fail grading only. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.The following courses are offered to students enrolled in the Duke Environmental Leadership program. Other MEM/MF students can take these courses numbered 400–459 only with permission of the instructor and if space is available. Courses numbered 460 and above are open only to D.E.M.–MEM students.405. Environmental Communication for Behavior Change - Online Course. Course provides environmental professionals with a practical introduction to the strategies, methods, and tools of environmental communication that effectively lead to changes in behavior. Emphasis on practical, field-based tools. Intensive online course. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Day. 1 unit.410. Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act on Federal Lands and Facilities. Overview of NEPA history, purpose, content, case law, and current issues. Discussion of methods of implementing regulations efficiently, conducting and processing an environmental impact analysis, and determining the proper level of documentation to fully record and disclose to the public the results of environmental analysis. Intensive. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit.417. Preparing and Documenting Environmental Impact Analyses. Principles of how to acquire, assemble, analyze, and present in document form, information required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Extensive practical exercises designed to make use of realistic case study materials provided by students. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.441. Forest Appraisal. Presentation of the principles of real estate appraisal as they apply to valuation problems in forestry. Consideration of appraisal theory, accounting, and tax concepts in forest land management. Application of financial analysis techniques to forest land management through lectures and problem-solving sessions. Staff. Variable credit.442. New Advances in Ecological Risk Assessment. Overview of ecological risk assessment and discussion of current methods, approaches, and issues. Consideration of both aquatic and terrestrial environments, drawing upon case study illustrations and risk assessment methods with environmental monitoring data. Consent of instructor required. Intensive. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: DiGuilio. 1 unit.445. GIS-based Analyses for Conservation Management. The goal of this course is to introduce conservation practitioners to the capabilities of GIS-based analyses to serve as an integrating framework for conservation management, providing functionality including data acquisition, management, anlysis and decision support, visualization, and documentation via metadata. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.460. Duke Environmental Leadership: Orientation Course: Making a Difference in the World. One-week course to introduce the curriculum of the Duke Environmental Leadership (DEL) program. Provides framework for program studies. Focus on real-world environmental challenges and timely case studies. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Field studies in Durham and at Duke University Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.461. Duke Environmental Leadership: Ecosystem Science and Management. Principles of environmental management in the context of arbitrary temporal and spatial boundaries, complexity, dynamic processes, uncertainty, and varied and changing human values. Topics to include adaptive management, decision making in the context of uncertainty, conflict resolution, strategic planning, evaluation, and accountability. Case studies will cover terrestrial aquatic and marine ecosystems and an array of social and institutional settings. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.462. Duke Environmental Leadership: Economics of Environmental Management. An economic perspective on the management of environmental resources. Conceptual topics emphasized include environmental externalities, market failure, public goods, sustainability, and benefit-cost analysis. Applications illustrate the role of price signals in energy choices, managing renewable resource use over time, use of marketable pollution permits to encourage voluntary reductions in air and water pollution, and the political economy of environmental policy formulation. Case studies examine carbon trading and taxes to address climate change, and economic incentives and values for biodiversity conservation. Instructor consent required. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor: Kramer. 3 units.463. Duke Environmental Leadership: Program Management for Environmental Professionals. In the private and public sectors, as well as not-for-profit organizations, managerial effectiveness is central to environmental leadership. This course will focus on the development of management skills including decision-making, motivation, working in teams, organizational cultures, organizational design, learning organizations and change management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 3 units.464. Duke Environmental Leadership: Environmental Law and Policy. Environmental policies have evolved from strict reliance on command and control systems to experimentation with alternative approaches. In this course students study this evolution by first examining the history and context of U.S. policy development processes and institutions. Command approaches to air and water pollution and waste management are considered along with alternative approaches, such as market-based programs, public-private partnerships and voluntarism. Policies for managing land, natural resources, species protection and addressing transnational and global environmental problems are examined. Policy implementation and devolution of responsibilities to state and local governments and the private sector is stressed. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.465. DEL: Environmental Leadership Module. One of the driving themes of the DEL-MEM Program is leadership. We believe that leadership is cultivated by each individual and requires time and effort; it is a process. Participation in the DEL-MEM program will put students one step closer in their leadership pursuit by providing opportunities to assess and enhance leadership skills, building confidence in critical and creative thinking, communication, collaboration and conflict resolution. This course is designed to orient students towards these goals. More specifically, to provide a framework and point of reference for students¿ leadership development. During the three-day session, we will explore leadership in a variety ways, including individual meetings with prominent leaders in the field, discussions, and case study project. Students will also experience Washington, D.C. through a tour of the Capitol, meetings with Congressional members and staff, and time on the Mall. For DEL-MEM students only. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.466. DEL: Professional Writing Course. This course teaches skills and strategies to make the writing process less intimidating and written work more clear and powerful. Comprised of online writing modules that provide examples of excellent nonfiction writing with the goal of identifying what makes the writing successful. Students develop and sharpen their own writing skills through incorporating feedback from a series of drafts. Student writing is reviewed in various forums-including writing workshops, peer reviews, and teacher conferences-to provide detailed feedback, allowing students to rethink and revise their writing. For DEL-MEM students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Reynolds. 1 unit.470. Duke Environmental Leadership: A Landscape Perspective on Environmental Management. Environmental management is pursued at increasingly larger spatial scales. As a direct consequence, we encounter more spatial heterogeneity and logistical constraints on empirical approaches. The field of landscape ecology specifically addresses issues of spatial scale and heterogeneity as these influence our ecological understanding and management of natural and seminatural systems. This course is an applications-driven survey of common tasks in landscape management, including inventory and monitoring programs and prioritizing sites according to various criteria (e.g., diversity hotspots, environmental impacts). Specific applications emphasize ecosystem processes (productivity, hydrology) and conservation planning at large scales. To address the uncertainty that naturally attends these applications, the course is developed in the framework of adaptive management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 3 units.471. Duke Environmental Leadership: U.S. Land Use Policy. This course covers the economic and demographic forces that drive the allocation of land among alternative uses, and the institutional structure that has evolved in the U.S. at local, state and federal levels to deal with land use problems. Topics include food and timber supply, federal lands, sprawl, industrial siting, property rights, and coastal zone management. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Healy. 3 units.472. DEL: Environmental Decision Analysis. In environmental management, things don't always turn out as expected. You must address multiple goals, even when those goals themselves conflict. You must respond to diverse stakeholders, with varying worldviews. The tools of decision analysis help you to - going beyond unaided intuition - organize and analyze difficult environmental management decisions. This course covers quantitative methods for analyzing environmental problems involving uncertainty and multiple, conflicting objectives. Topics include subjective probability, utility, value of information, and multiattribute methods. Students will apply these tools to an environmental policy decision in a group or individual project. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Maguire. 3 units.473. DEL: Business Strategy for Environmental Sustainabillity. Businesses are increasingly applying strategic management tools to incorporate considerations of sustainability into decision-making and operations. While some businesses incorporate sustainable practices because of an ethical conviction to do well for the environment, most businesses are motivated to do so to address pressures from stakeholders such as regulators, shareholders, customers and neighbors and to exploit knowledge and expertise for long-term competitive advantage. This course focuses on the development and implementation of strategies to promote environmental sustainability. Students examine roles and responsibilities of sustainable strategic managers and learn how to apply the tools of strategic management, such as external analysis, forecasting and stakeholder management to problems of sustainability. Business case studies are critical component to this course. For DEL-MEM students only Instructor: Gallagher. 3 units.474. DEL: Seeing the Big Picture: Lessons from Watershed Management in California. This course is an exploration of the interdisciplinary and often controversial nature of watershed management in California using examples from arguably the most manipulated and well-studied watershed in the US. These problems and their solutions are relevant to all watersheds. Topics include: host factors governing fish and wildlife responses and effects; fate, transport, and biogeochemistry of agricultural chemicals; exotic species introduction; economics considerations governing water allocations storage; transport, and conservation; and conflict resolution efforts between competing interest groups. Permission of instuctor required. Instructor: Hinton. 3 units.475. DEL: Ecosystem Change: Science and Management Implications. This course will review classical models and case studies of disturbance and ecosystem succession, patch dynamics, and non-equilibrium models for ecosystem change. Particular attention will be given to the influence invasive species and climate change on patterns succession and to concepts such as multiple stable points and change thresholds. The implications for management of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of these concepts will be emphasized. Lectures, readings, and discussion. Term paper required. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Christensen. 1 unit.476. DEL: Emerging Perspectives on Landscape Management. This course is developed in response to a few emerging trends in environmental management. First, management is being pursued at increasingly larger spatial scales. Second, the context of management is also rapidly changing, including increasing emphasis on multi-criteria or multi-objective programs, prioritization of sites strictly in relationship to a larger network of units, and adaptive approaches to management. Beyond these trends, it is important to note that the tools of environmental management are also evolving rapidly. This module is designed as a "professional update" in emerging trends, as well as an introduction to new methods being applied to these areas. Permission of instructor required. Instructor: Urban. 1 unit.477. DEL: Environmental Information and Analysis Systems. Developing, maintaining and sharing high-quality information is one of the fastest growing challenges in the field of environmental management. Environmental researchers and managers are both the developers and consumers of extensive geographic data, imagery and statistical archives. Environmental managers now must meet expectations of real-time data sharing across widely distributed projects within detailed data assurance standards. In order to meet these challenges, managers must understand complex relational databases, internet-based data delivery systems, and international metadata standards. This course focuses on essential issues of database development, delivery and maintenance for environmental managers. The course highlights new developments in digital data archives, internet map servers and collaborative programs, and uses emerging projects, protocols and current case studies to demonstrate good management choices, strategies and evaluation processes. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit.478. DEL: Energy & Environment Today. This course will provide students with a broad overview of why and how we use energy, the complex system that has evolved for furnishing energy, the challenges that our energy use has spawned, specifically with respect to the environment, and possible paths to a sustainable energy future. The course is designed to give students a framework for thinking about why energy-related events are happening, what that means for future energy uses and societal well-being, and how we might change the system moving forward. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit.480. DEL: California Water Management Field Trip. California has long been the poster child for conflict over water management and appropriation. Much of that conflict has focused on the diversion of water from the Sierra Nevada and the Great Central Valley. In this 5-day field course we will provide an overview of the hydrology and history of water development of the Central Valley, and focus on three case studies: Hetch Hetchy, the Californian Aquaduct, and the re-watering of the San Joaquin River. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Christensen and Hinton. 1 unit.481. DEL: Environmental Entrepreneurship. This course will address the following seven questions: 1) What is entreperneurship? 2) What is sociol entreperneurship? 3) What is environmental entrepreneurship? 4) What differentiates an idea from an opportunity? 5) Is climate/environmental change a source of entreperneurial opportunity? 6) Is market failure a source of entrepreneurial opportunity? 7) Are others' waste products a source of entrepreneurial opportunity? Students will craft an executive summary for a business model that will pursue a viable opportunity for environmental entrepreneurship. One credit. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Archer. 1 unit.482. DEL: Sustainable Development in Chile. In this 5-day field course we will provide an overview of international sustainable development in Chile, while focusing on environmental management at the government level, sustainable forestry, fisheries, and wineries, and eco-tourism. Two credits. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Gallagher and Healy. 2 units.483. DEL: Green Development. In this course, students will explore the varying definitions of green development; how it is applied at the community, site, and building level; what it can cost; how it can create economic, social and environmental values; how it can be measured; who is practicing and implementing it; how it is financed; and what third-party standards exisist to verify it. The class will also explore new opportunities and new models for green development along with its various challenges and limitations. Students will examine these topics through structured discussion boards, readings, lectures, conference calls, memorandum writing, analytical excercises and group presentations. Three credits. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Wedding. 3 units.484. DEL: Changing Tropical Ecosystems. The tropical regions of the earth contain the majority of the world’s biological diversity, as well as the majority of the world’s human population and its cultural diversity. This course will identify the primary drivers of change for tropical ecosystems, with a particular focus on land use change and present and future effects of global climate change. Possible solutions and mitigations for the threats that face tropical ecosystems, and by extension, human populations in the tropics and globally will then be considered. Three credits with field component, two credits without. For DEL-MEM students only. Instructor: Bynum. Variable credit.497. Duke Environmental Leadership: Independent Studies and Projects. Directed readings or research at the graduate level to meet the needs of individual students. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.499. Duke Environmental Leadership: Master's Project. An applied study of a forestry or environmental management problem or an original research effort. A seminar presentation of the objectives, methodology, and preliminary findings is required. A written (or other medium) report at the conclusion of the project is also required. Undertaken with the guidance of the student's advisor. For Duke Environmental Leadership-Master of Environmental Management students only. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 4 units.11. The Dynamic Earth. Introduction to the dynamic processes that shape the Earth and the environment and their impact upon society. Volcanoes, earthquakes, seafloor spreading, floods, landslides, groundwater, seashores and geohazards. Emphasis on examining the lines of inductive and deductive reasoning, quantitative methods, modes of inquiry, and technological developments that lead to understanding the Earth's dynamic systems. Instructors: Baker, Klein, Murray, Glass. 1 unit.12. The Dynamic Oceans. The oceans and their impact on the Earth's surface, climate, and society. Topics include seafloor evolution, marine hazards, ocean currents and climate, waves and beach erosion, tides, hurricanes/cyclones, marine life and ecosystems, and marine resources. Emphasis on the historical, society and economic roots of oceanography, the formulation and testing of hypotheses, quantitative assessment of data, and technological developments that lead to understanding of current and future societal issues involving the oceans. Includes a field trip at the Duke University Marine Laboratory. Required fee for trip. Instructors: Corliss, Glass, Murray. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 5349S. First-Year Seminar. Topics vary each semester offered. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.50. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Special Topics in Earth and Ocean Sciences. Topics differ by section. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.100. Duke-Administered Study Abroad: Advanced Special Topics in Earth and Ocean Sciences. Topics differ by section. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.101L. The Solid Earth: Minerals, Rocks and Structural Geology. Description and interpretation of minerals, rocks and geologic structures. Lectures on theoretical aspects, lab on practical applications and use of petrographic microscope. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11. Instructor: Boudreau. 1 unit.102. Ocean and Atmosphere Dynamics. Introduction to the dynamics of ocean and atmospheric circulations, with particular emphasis on the global climate cycle. Prerequisites: Mathematics 31 and 32, Physics 53L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Lozier. 1 unit.103S. The Surface of the Earth. Fundamental earth surface processes involving weathering, soils, hillslopes, rivers, wind, glaciers, and tectonic activity. Humans as agents of landscape change. The future of landscape. Prerequisites: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Haff or Murray. 1 unit. C-L: Visual Studies 111AS107L. The Evolving Earth and Life. Evolution of the earth and life through time. Weekend field trip to Appalachian Mountains. Recommended: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11. Instructor: Corliss. 1 unit.115. Waves, Beaches, and Coastline Dynamics. Oceanographic and geologic processes responsible for the evolution of nearshore features; fluid motions of many time scales in the nearshore environment, including waves and currents. Conceptual basis for models of how fluid motions interact with the shape of the beach and bed in the surf zone, giving rise to features such as beach cusps, bars, channels, and barrier islands. Various attempted engineering and coastal management solutions to the global retreat of shorelines. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Instructor: Murray. 1 unit.116. Beach and Island Geological Processes. Field seminar on the evolution of beaches and barrier islands with emphasis on the interactions between nearshore processes and human development. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 115/215 or consent of instructor. Also taught as Earth and Ocean Sciences 202. Instructor: Murray. 0.5 units.120. Environmental Geology. A case history, field and lab exercise, and quantitative model approach to the role of geological materials and processes in environmental assessment studies. The quantitative and qualitative impact of rock type, faulting, folding, volcanism, weathering, erosion, flooding, and underground fluid flow on the human environment. An introduction to quantitative probabilistic hazard analysis and its application to establishing monetary cost/benefit ratios. The basics of engineering geology in environmental studies. Cases taken from current and past geological studies of environmentally sensitive sites. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 224123. Hydrogeology. An overview of the hydrologic cycle and its impact on global climate and local environmental problems. Examines ethical dilemmas encountered in communicating environmental analysis to the public. Prerequisite: Mathematics 32 and Chemistry 31L or equivalent, or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Vengosh. 1 unit.125. The Future. Introduction to the future as a continuation of the geological, biological, and technological evolution of the Earth. Topics include developments and trends in computation, the internet, nanotechnology, space exploration, artificial intelligence, robots and biotechnology and their effects in society. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Haff. 1 unit.126S. Field Methods in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Introduction to basic field methods used in the earth and environmental sciences. Field investigations focus on topics such as groundwater and surface water movements, soil chemistry and identification, topographic and geologic mapping, the atmosphere/soil interface, and plant identification and distributions. Design of a field investigation, collection of data to address a specific goal, and interpretation and reporting of the results. Emphasis on learning to report field results in the format of scientific publications. Visits to five local field sites. Open only to juniors and seniors. Instructor: Klein. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 126S130. Energy and the Environment. Overview of the challenges confronting humanity as a consequence of our reliance on energy. Challenges include dwindling supplies, rising demand and environmental degradation. Realistic responses require an understanding of the complexity of the energy system, including energy resources, uses, and impacts, in the context of social, political and economic imperatives. Lectures will be augmented by presentations from guest speakers from industry, government and non-profit organizations. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 130131. World Trade In Energy and Mineral Resources. Exploration of the physical, economic and geopolitical flow of energy and mineral resources around the world. Topics include examination of economically important energy and mineral resources, their uses, geologic/geographic distribution, and influence on the economic and political organization of and interaction between nations. The trade of energy and mineral resources explored in light of current demand, remaining supplies, technical and geopolitical accessibility, refining and distribution systems, and pricing, as well as the environmental impacts and future challenges facing continued use of these resources. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12 or Environment 25. Instructor: Pratson. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 131141. Dinosaurs with Feathers and Whales with Legs: Major Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record. Focus on the fossil record of the differentiation of the major vertebrate groups. Study and critical evaluation of the paleontological and neontological evidence for four major macroevolutionary transitions in the history of life: fish to tetrapods, the reptile/mammal differentiation, the evolution of birds from dinosaurs, and the origin of whales. Stresses the importance of the fossil record in the reconstruction of transitions but also covers genetic, physiological, and developmental evidence gathered from living representatives. Required fieldtrip to the Museum of Natural History in Raleigh. Prerequisite: Prior course work in Earth and Ocean Sciences or Biology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Glass. 1 unit. C-L: Biology 145151S. Global Environmental Change. Topics in the seminar will include climate change, earth surface alteration, prediction, water and carbon cycling, sea-level rise and coastal erosion, biodiversity, fossil fuels and energy resources, water resources, soil fertility, and human impact on coastal zone ecosystems. Instructor consent required. Instructor: Baker. 1 unit.155. Global Warming. Broad, interdisciplinary course on the science of global warming, its predicted impact, and various policy and technology options that have been proposed to mitigate its effect. Includes a short introduction to climate theory and models, discussions on important greenhouse gas, and model projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.159. Fundamentals of GIS and Geospatial Analysis. Fundamental aspects of geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing for environmental applications. Concepts of geographic data development, cartography, image processing, and spatial analysis. Prerequisite: an introductory statistics course. Instructor: Halpin. 1 unit. C-L: see Environment 159173. Dinosaurs, Fossil Fish, and Yellowstone. Paleontology, geology, and ecology of Dinosaur National Monument, Fossil Butte National Monument, and Yellowstone National Park. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Consent of instructor required. Recommended prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 107L. Instructor: Corliss. 1 unit.180S. Volcanology: Geology of Hawaii. Geology of volcanic processes and the benefits and hazards they present to society. Lectures, discussion and student presentations of independent research reports. Required field trip to Hawaii during spring break. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 recommended. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Boudreau. 1 unit.181S. The American Southwest. Geomorphic and geologic features of arid terrain, including volcanism, tectonics, soils and weathering, paleo-lakes, wind-blown sand and dust, landslides, and alluvial fans. Reconstruction of paleo-landscape processes based on observations of present landforms. Interpretation of landform development and process from geomorphic field evidence. Focus on the Mojave Desert region of California and Nevada. Includes week-long field trip with fees required for the trip. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11, and consent of instructor. Instructor: Haff or Murray. 1 unit.187S. Marine Geology of South Florida. Spatial and temporal analysis of geology of south Florida. Includes class discussions, required spring break field trip to South Florida, trip presentation, post-trip research paper. Examination of shallow marine sedimentary environments including reefs, mudbanks, and mangrove forests and islands, and their ancient counterparts in rock outcrops and sediment cores. Includes a field trip with a required fee for the trip. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Dwyer. 1 unit.189S. Senior Capstone Experience. Senior capstone field trip course. Field location varies. Topics in geology, hydrology, biology, climate, and other environmental subjects as appropriate for field area, especially human impact on the earth and the role of earth scientists as observers and teachers of earth-system change. Course content partially determined by students. Prerequisites: Open only to senior Earth and Ocean Sciences majors. Department consent required. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.192. Research Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 191. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.193. Independent Study. Directed reading or individual projects. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.194. Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 193. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.195. Independent Study for Nonmajors. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a term paper containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic at end of semester. Open to qualified juniors and seniors upon approval of the departmental faculty. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.209S. Paleoclimate. Nature and mechanisms of climate variability throughout Earth history. Topics include general theory of climate, paleoclimate modeling and comparisons with observations, methodologies of reconstructing past climate variations, the observational record of paleoclimate extending from the Precambrian through the Ice Ages and Holocene to present, and the impact paleoclimate on biotic evolution/paleogeography and human cultural history. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.210S. Paleoenvironmental Analysis. Methods of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic analysis. Includes radiometric and other methods of dating, stable isotopes, trace elements, paleobiotic and other methods of reconstructing climate, hydrology and environment of the past. Also includes approaches to modeling paleoenvironmental data. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.211. The Climate System. Components of the climate system: observed climate change, concept of energy balance, basic circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, introduction to climate models, sample applications of climate models, interactions between the atmosphere/ocean/ and biosphere, land surface, cryosphere (snow and ice), and chemistry of the atmosphere. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.212. Climate Change and Climate Modeling. Course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of physics of climate system and Earth system modeling for scientists, engineers and policy students with physics and mathematics background. Fundamental principles controlling physical and dynamic structure of climate system; discussion of relative roles of natural climate variability and external forces and anthropogenic influences. Explore numerical methods, develop computing skills, and deal with data handing as a means to an end of quantifying climate system behavior. Pre-requisite: EOS 211. Instructor: Li. 3 units.214. Advanced Issues in Paleoclimatology. Major issues in paleoclimatology including: decadal-millennial climate variability, ice age climates, the deglaciation, nonglacial climates, Paleozoic climates, ice core studies, Snowball Earth, carbon dioxide, volcanism, abrupt climate change, modeling studies, climate and extinctions. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.215. Introduction to Physical Coastal Processes. Nearshore physical processes responsible for the evolution of beaches and barrier islands. Various problems and possible solutions arising from human development of retreating shorelines. Involves a field trip and research paper. 3 units.220. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Conservation equations for mass, momentum and heat, with an emphasis on large temporal and spatial scales; application to the earth, ocean, and environmental sciences. Some background in differential equations highly recommended. Instructor: Lozier. 3 units.225. Water Contamination. Geochemistry of water contamination, focusing on behavior of inorganic constituents dissolved in rainwater. Contaminants produced by human interactions with the environment, such as industry and construction. Salinization and desalinization. Prerequisites: Chemistry 22L. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.226S. Water Forum Speaker Series. Seminar including visiting scholars covering a broad array of issues on water including water quality, hydrogeology, biogeochemistry, water management, water treatment, ecology, water economy, and water policy and law at both the national and international levels. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.227. International Water Resources. Overview of the hydrology, hydrogeology, water quality, and management of major international water resources. Focus on cross-boundary international rivers and aquifers, up-stream versus down-stream water users, the politics of water sharing and disputes, the role of science in water management, and prospects and implications for future utilization of contaminated rivers and stressed aquifers. Examples from international rivers such as the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Jordan, Colorado, Indus, Ganges, and Mekong and international aquifer systems such as the Mountain aquifer, Gaza Strip, Disi, and Nubian basins in northern Africa. Instructor: Vengosh. 3 units.236S. Lithosphere Plate Boundaries. Plate tectonics and the geological and geophysical expression of orogenic belts, spreading centers, transform faults, subduction zones. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 101L or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.240. Introduction to Modeling in the Earth Sciences. Elementary methods for quantitatively modeling problems in the earth sciences. Formulation and solution of classical equations that express fundamental behaviors of fluids, sediments, and rocks. Examples from different fields of geology. Simple modeling exercises, including a final project. Instructors: Haff, Murray, and Pratson. 3 units.242S. New Perspectives and Methods in Surface Process Studies. Nonlinear dynamics and related approaches to understanding, modeling, and analyzing physical systems, with emphasis on applications in geomorphology. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Murray. 3 units.243S. Landscape Dynamics. How landscape changes with time. The dynamics and mechanisms of earth surface processes underlying landscape change. Hillslope, fluvial, marine, glacial, volcanic, tectonic and aeolian processes. Reading and discussion of primary literature; several field trips to Duke Forest. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Haff and Pratson. 3 units.251S. Global Environmental Change. Topics in the seminar will include climate change, earth surface alteration, prediction, water and carbon cycling, sea-level rise and coastal erosion, biodiversity, fossil fuels and energy resources, water resources, soil fertility, human impact on coastal zone ecosystems. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.267. Analyzing Time and Space Series. Ways to extract information from data; methods for probing time or spatial series including spectral and wavelet analyses, correlation techniques, and nonlinear-dynamics approaches for determining how deterministic and linear the processes producing the data are, and for reconstructing and quantitatively comparing state-space plots. Instructor: Murray. 3 units.269. Thermodynamics of Geological Systems. Introductory thermodynamics applied to geologic problems through understanding of phase equilibrium. Prerequisites: Earth and Ocean Sciences 101L; and Mathematics 32 or consent of instructor. Instructor: Boudreau. 3 units.271. Stable and Radioactive Isotopes in Environmental Sciences. Theory and applications of stable and radioactive isotope distributions in nature (including oceanographic, geologic, hydrologic, and biological processes). Prerequisites: Chemistry 22L and Mathematics 32. Instructor: Baker or Vengosh. 3 units.273S. Analytic Techniques. An introduction to advanced analytic procedures used in the earth sciences: such as electron microbeam techniques (scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis) and plasma emission/absorption spectroscopy. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Boudreau. 3 units.278. Tropical Climate and Paleoclimate. Thermodynamics of tropical climate. Nature and mechanisms of climate variability in the tropics on time scales from daily to multi-millennial. Impact of climatic variability on the tropical biota. Effects of anthropogenic changes of the environment on future climatic change in the tropics and potential extratropical teleconnections. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 11 or 12. Instructor: Baker. 3 units.291. Independent Study. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.293S. Frontiers of Geology I. Survey of the history, status, and trajectory of ''hard-rock'' petrology, structural geology, tectonics, and geophysics. Instructors: Karson and staff. 3 units.294S. Frontiers of Geology II. Survey of the history, status, and trajectory of ''soft-rock'' petrology, stratigraphy, sedimentation, geochemistry, hydrology, and paleontology. Instructors: Karson and staff. 3 units.295S. Advanced Topics in Geology. Topics, instructors, and credits to be arranged each semester. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.300. Topics in Earth Processes. A broad overview of earth processes pertaining to human and environmental concerns. Provides the essential background for all environmental fields. Especially relevant to interests in global change, coastal zone processes, energy, and resources. Lectures and panel discussions with faculty from the Nicholas School and invited outside participants. Instructor: Varies. 3 units.371. Advanced Topics in Geology. To meet the individual needs of graduate students for independent study. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.372. Advanced Topics in Geology. To meet the individual needs of graduate students for independent study. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.109. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder (Beaufort) and Rubenstein (visiting summer faculty). 1 unit. C-L: Biology 109114L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing factors controlling distribution and abundances of organisms. The theory, methods, and limitations of biological oceanographic research. The laboratory teaches quantitative methods, experimental design, data acquisition, data processing, and data analysis and culminates in a research cruise where the students organize into a scientific party. One course (spring); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 114L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 114L115. Environment as Community. Examination of linkages in both directions between community (family, neighborhood) and responsible environmental behavior. Includes on-site collaboration with a local neighborhood having explicit environmental goals. Application of basic qualitative research methods, including participant observation, personal interview, and content analysis. Instructor: Clark. 1 unit. C-L: see Sociology 115123. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 123; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 122125. Marine Mammals. The biology of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters. Topics covered include the diversity, evolution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals and their interactions with humans. Detailed consideration given to the adaptations that allow these mammals to live in the sea. Evaluation of the scientific, ethical, and aesthetic factors influencing societal attitudes toward these animals and of their conservation management in light of domestic legislation and international treaties. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 126125L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Biology 126. Laboratory and field exercises consider social organization, behavior, ecology, communication, and anatomy of local bottlenose dolphins. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, or Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 126L132S. Current Topics in Oceanography and Marine Biology. Topics including the Iron Hypothesis, toxic algal blooms, and UV light considered through readings in the primary literature and student presentations. Emphasis on critical analysis of methodology, data analysis, and conclusions in primary peer-reviewed literature. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.133S. Molecular Approaches to Questions of Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution in the Marine Environment. Techniques of molecular biology as they relate to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions. Examples from the subcellular to global scale taken from classic and contemporary readings from the primary scientific literature. Each participant in the course presents a critical analysis of the literature on a chosen subject. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units. C-L: see Biology 133S134S. Hands on Habitats: Life in Coastal Communities. Natural history and community ecology of coastal habitats. Focus on natural communities and artisan/commercial fishing practices in the coastal ocean, barrier islands, sounds and estuaries. Critical habitats; nursery areas, nesting beaches and rookeries. Commercially important, keystone as well as introduced and endangered vertebrate and invertebrate species. Concurrent enrollment in Humans and the Coast. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Rittschof. 1 unit.135. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs; emphasis on their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Basic ecological concepts integrated with related topics including the conservation and management of endangered species, the contributions of technology to the management of migratory marine species, the role of research in national and international law and policy, and the veterinary aspects of conservation. (Given at Beaufort.) Field trip to Trinidad required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: K. Eckert and S. Eckert. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 125135L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Laboratory version of Biology 125. Includes laboratory and field experience with animals and with their habitat requirements. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 125L139L. Marine Ecology. Factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms. Course structure integrates lectures and field excursions. Topics include characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Not open to students who have taken Biology 203L. (Given at Beaufort fall and summer.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort). 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 129L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 129L141S. Humans and Development of North Carolina Coasts. Human behaviors, laws and policies that affect development related to coasts and coastal oceans. Leisure tourism development of barrier islands and sounds. Special interests, social groups, political groups and cross cultural conflicts and their resolution. Concurrent enrollment with Hands on Habitats. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.150L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Comparative physiology of estuarine and marine animals. Physics and chemistry of estuarine and marine environments and physiological adaptations of animal residents. Focus on theory, behavioral, and physiological responses of animals to the major environmental drivers of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and light. Lectures and laboratories illustrating the approaches and methodology, analysis techniques, and written reporting of classical environmental physiology research. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 150L155L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. The molecular basis of behavioral and physiological responses of organisms. Evolution of molecular endocrinology and signal transduction pathways. Focus on the theory and research methodology used to study the evolution of molecular signaling and control systems. Research projects using local invertebrates to study behavioral and physiological responses to environmental signals. Field trips include night walks in local environments and marine fossil expeditions to local strip mines involved with production of fertilizer, food additives, cement, and gravel. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L; and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 155L175. Marine Policy. Policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 1 unit.176L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 274L. One course (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); one and one-half courses (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Kirby-Smith or staff. Variable credit. C-L: see Biology 176L; also C-L: Earth and Ocean Sciences 176L188L. Research Methods in Marine Science. Introduction to research methods in the marine sciences through lectures and customized individual independent research. Lectures on all aspects of research including ethics, intellectual property, budgeting, laboratory and reporting practices, data analysis techniques, reporting and presenting. Draft manuscript and proposal for future research and travel to meeting required. (Given at Beaufort, summer) Prerequisite: Introductory biology and permission of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 188L191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.191A. Research Independent Study. See Environment 191. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Half course. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.192. Independent Study. Individual readings course or other non-research-based independent course under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in an academic product. Open to qualified juniors and seniors with consent of instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.208. Estuarine Ecosystem Processes. A study of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes that control the structure of estuarine communities. Includes readings, oral presentations, and discussion of current literature from the journal Estuaries. Discussions focus on the management and policy implications of the science. Restricted to graduate students. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: ecology, systematics, or field biology course or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.209. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). Open to undergraduates only under Biology 109. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder/Orbach (Beaufort). 3 units.219L. Marine Ecology. Ecology from a basic science perspective. Laboratories target a science-oriented graduate audience. Lecture topics include factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms, characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Laboratories and field trips cover ecological principles from a basic science perspective. Not open to students who have taken BIO 129L and not open to undergraduates. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith. 4 units. C-L: see Biology 203L224L. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the coastal zone of the Carolinas. A unifying theme will be the coupling of watersheds, river basins, estuaries, and the coastal ocean through the movement of ground and surface waters. Topics include hydrology, nutrient cycles, sediment-water column interactions, primary and secondary production, and food web dynamics. Sustaining coastal ecosystems in the face of land use change. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: Biology 219L226. Marine Mammals. Ecology, social organization, behavior, acoustic communication, and management issues. Focused on marine mammals in the southeastern United States (for example, bottlenose dolphin, right whale, West Indian manatee). Only open to undergraduates under Biology 126. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 3 units.226L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Environment 226. Laboratory exercises consider social organization and acoustic communication in the local bottlenose dolphin population. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, Reynolds, or staff. 4 units.227. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs, emphasizing their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Will integrate basic ecological concepts with related topics including conservation and management of endangered species, contributions of technology to management of migratory marine species, role of research in national and international law and policy, and veterinary aspects of conservation. Given at Beaufort. Field trip to Trinidad is required. Instructor permission is required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: S. Eckert, K. Eckert. 3 units.227L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Biology including the anatomy, physiology, behavior, life histories, and population dynamics of sea turtles linked to conservation issues and management. Focus on threatened and endangered sea turtle species, with special attention to science and policy issues in United States waters. Includes field experience with the animals and with their habitat requirements. Sea turtle assessment and recovery efforts, fishery-turtle interactions, population modeling and state/national/international management efforts. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 125L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: K. Eckert or S. Eckert. 4 units.228L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Environmental factors, biological rhythms, and behavioral adaptations in the comparative physiology of marine animals. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 150L. Four units (fall); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: Biology 253L229L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. Functional, structural, and evolutionary relationships of biochemical processes of importance to marine organisms. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 155L. Four units (fall and spring); variable credit (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 11L, 12L. Instructor: Rittschof (fall and summer). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 255L243. Respiratory Proteins and the Environment. Structure, function and evolution of copper and iron based respiratory proteins in response to environmental oxygen levels and physiological needs. Lectures and readings on the balance between pathways for metabolic oxygen utilization and alternative disease-causing pathways involving oxidative and nitrosative reactions. Interactive molecular graphics and student presentations supplement text and lectures. Covers molecular adaptations, circulation, allostery, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, gene expression, blood pathogens, malaria, sickle cell anemia. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: organic chemistry or consent of instructor. Instructor: C. Bonaventura. 3 units. C-L: see Cell Biology 243253L. Sensory Physiology and Behavior of Marine Animals. Sensory physiological principles with emphasis on visual and chemical cues. Laboratories will use behavior to measure physiological processes. Only open to undergraduates under Biology 156L. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Rittschof. 4 units.254. Qualitative Research Design in Marine Studies. Examination of the concept of research (philosophy, epistemology, practice) along with methods used widely in the social sciences. Focus is on qualitative methods, and related research ethics, objectives, design, data collection, analysis, and presentation. Consideration of utility of qualitative methods for understanding activities and policy in the marine and coastal environment. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.256S. Seminar in Ocean Sciences. Biological, chemical, physical, and geological aspects of the ocean and their relation to environmental issues. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 2 units.267S. Conservation Biology of Marine Mammals. Examination of issues affecting the conservation of marine mammal populations, including: habitat loss and degradation, interactions with commercial fisheries, and direct harvests. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Read. 2 units.273. Marine Fisheries Policy. Principles, structure, and process of public policy-making for marine fisheries. Topics include local, regional, national, and international approaches to the management of marine fisheries. A social systems approach is used to analyze the biological, ecological, social, and economic aspects of the policy and management process. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units.276. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: Public Policy Studies 297, Political Science 264292L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing special adaptations for life in the sea and factors controlling distribution and abundance of organisms. Four units (spring); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.293. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 123. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Barber. 3 units.295L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 176L, Biology 274L, or Zoology 274L. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 176L. Four units (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); six units (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer or at Bermuda, spring.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructors: Dimock (Beaufort) or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort); Wood (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: Biology 274L322. Coastal Watershed and Policy. Examine hydrology of coastal watersheds and how watersheds modifications impact estuaries and near shore coastal ecosystems. Hydrologic functioning of natural unaltered watersheds is contrasted with changes caused by man's modification of those systems. Include discussion of efforts to remedy impacts through installation of Best Management Practices and wetlands restoration. Emphasis on gaining understanding of what the impacts of hydrologic change are on biology of coastal waters as watershed development alters the physics, chemistry, and geology of coastal waters. Includes field trips to watersheds in coastal North Carolina. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.324. Marine Conservation Biology. Focus on the ecological effects of fishing, the major threat to marine biodiversity, by examining selected case studies, discussing conservation strategies, and learning how science and policy can be integrated to solve real-world problems. We will use the recent report of the Pew Oceans Commission as the starting point of our discussion. Taught at Beaufort. Trip to Hawaii is required. Permission of the instructor is required. Instructor: Read. 3 units.360S. Political Ecology. Seminar to examine concept of political ecology as means of conceptualizing conservation and development conflicts and solutions. Intended to engage students with political ecology to strengthen usefulness, enrich possibilities, and improve participants ongoing research, collaborations and critical inquiries. Enrollment limited to graduate students. Taught at Beaufort. Instructor: Campbell. 3 units.369. Environmental Law Clinic. Under supervision of Law clinical faculty, students work on current case and policy advocacy priorities as determined by Clinic¿s Advisory Board. Cases and issues undertaken by the Clinic will vary. Skills training emphasizes skills needed to counsel clients, examine witnesses and to advocate effectively in rulemaking and litigation settings. One semester enrollment; 2 semesters with instructor consent. Minimum 100 hours of clinic work per semester plus weekly group training meetings. Must be in third semester in Nicholas School to enroll. Pre-requisite: LAW 235 Environmental Law. Instructor: Longest. 4 units.370. Fire Ecology and Management. Principles underlying field of fire ecology and skillful application of fire to meet land management objectives are explored through guest lectures, training sessions, readings and assignments. Specific topics range from history of fire in America, to role of fire in landscape change, to relationship of fire to climate change. Prescribed burning and use of fire in the contemporary landscape are important topics in the class. Course credit: 1 unit. Instructor: Richter. 1 unit.10L. Marine Biology. Physical and chemical aspects of estuarine and marine ecosystems and environments. Functional adaptations of marine organisms and the role of man and society on the ecosystems. Includes field trips to local environments with an emphasis on impacted environments and their relation to societal activity and policy. For students not majoring in natural sciences. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.109. Conservation Biology and Policy. Introduction to the key concepts of ecology and policy relevant to conservation issues at the population to ecosystems level. Focus on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity and conservation applications from both the biology and policy perspectives (for example, endangered species, captive breeding, reserve design, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology; suggested: a policy and/or introductory ecology course. Instructors: Crowder (Beaufort) and Rubenstein (visiting summer faculty). 1 unit. C-L: Environment 109114L. Biological Oceanography. Physical, chemical, and biological processes of the oceans, emphasizing factors controlling distribution and abundances of organisms. The theory, methods, and limitations of biological oceanographic research. The laboratory teaches quantitative methods, experimental design, data acquisition, data processing, and data analysis and culminates in a research cruise where the students organize into a scientific party. One course (spring); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 114L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 114L123. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 123, Earth and Ocean Sciences 122125. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Essential biology of sea turtles (evolution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, population dynamics) and their conservation needs; emphasis on their role in marine ecosystem structure and function. Basic ecological concepts integrated with related topics including the conservation and management of endangered species, the contributions of technology to the management of migratory marine species, the role of research in national and international law and policy, and the veterinary aspects of conservation. (Given at Beaufort.) Field trip to Trinidad required. Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: K. Eckert and S. Eckert. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 135125L. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Laboratory version of Biology 125. Includes laboratory and field experience with animals and with their habitat requirements. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 135L126. Marine Mammals. The biology of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters. Topics covered include the diversity, evolution, ecology, and behavior of marine mammals and their interactions with humans. Detailed consideration given to the adaptations that allow these mammals to live in the sea. Evaluation of the scientific, ethical, and aesthetic factors influencing societal attitudes toward these animals and of their conservation management in light of domestic legislation and international treaties. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read or staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 125126L. Marine Mammals. Laboratory version of Biology 126. Laboratory and field exercises consider social organization, behavior, ecology, communication, and anatomy of local bottlenose dolphins. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Read, or Staff. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 125L129L. Marine Ecology. Factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms. Course structure integrates lectures and field excursions. Topics include characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Not open to students who have taken Biology 203L. (Given at Beaufort fall and summer.) Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort). 1 unit. C-L: Environment 139L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 129L132S. Marine Biodiversity. Marine biodiversity in the context of theoretical ecology and environmental physiology. Topics include methods for quantifying and evaluating diversity and biological diversity in major marine habitats. Primary literature examples focus on quantifying human impacts and developing conservation measure. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.133S. Molecular Approaches to Questions of Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution in the Marine Environment. Techniques of molecular biology as they relate to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions. Examples from the subcellular to global scale taken from classic and contemporary readings from the primary scientific literature. Each participant in the course presents a critical analysis of the literature on a chosen subject. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units. C-L: Environment 133S145. Dinosaurs with Feathers and Whales with Legs: Major Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record. Focus on the fossil record of the differentiation of the major vertebrate groups. Study and critical evaluation of the paleontological and neontological evidence for four major macroevolutionary transitions in the history of life: fish to tetrapods, the reptile/mammal differentiation, the evolution of birds from dinosaurs, and the origin of whales. Stresses the importance of the fossil record in the reconstruction of transitions but also covers genetic, physiological, and developmental evidence gathered from living representatives. Required fieldtrip to the Museum of Natural History in Raleigh. Prerequisite: Prior course work in Earth and Ocean Sciences or Biology or consent of instructor. Instructor: Glass. 1 unit. C-L: see Earth and Ocean Sciences 141150L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Comparative physiology of estuarine and marine animals. Physics and chemistry of estuarine and marine environments and physiological adaptations of animal residents. Focus on theory, behavioral, and physiological responses of animals to the major environmental drivers of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and light. Lectures and laboratories illustrating the approaches and methodology, analysis techniques, and written reporting of classical environmental physiology research. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 150L155L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. The molecular basis of behavioral and physiological responses of organisms. Evolution of molecular endocrinology and signal transduction pathways. Focus on the theory and research methodology used to study the evolution of molecular signaling and control systems. Research projects using local invertebrates to study behavioral and physiological responses to environmental signals. Field trips include night walks in local environments and marine fossil expeditions to local strip mines involved with production of fertilizer, food additives, cement, and gravel. One course (fall); one and one-half courses (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L; and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 155L156L. Sensory Physiology and Behavior of Marine Animals. Sensory physiological principles with emphasis on visual and chemical cues. Laboratories will use behavior to measure physiological processes. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 31L. Instructor: Rittschof. 1 unit.176L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 274L. One course (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); one and one-half courses (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructor: Kirby-Smith or staff. Variable credit. C-L: Environment 176L, Earth and Ocean Sciences 176L178L. Marine Ichthyology. Overview of the bony and cartilaginous fishes, including their taxonomy, anatomy, functional morphology, and physiology. Aspects of their relationship with humans, specifically how fish biology and life history affect this relationship. Lectures and discussion of current scientific literature, and field/lab experiences to explore and collect data on local fish populations. Quantitative genetic techniques to explore fish population and community structure. (Given at Beaufort.) Pre-requisite: Biology 25L or equivalent, or consent of the instructor. Instructor: Nowacek. 1 unit. C-L: Environment 178L190. Research Independent Study. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to all qualified students with consent of supervising instructor and director of undergraduate studies. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the major product of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to all qualified students with consent of supervising instructor and director of undergraduate studies. May be repeated. Continued in Biology 297. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.193T. Tutorial. For junior and senior majors with consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.197T. Tutorial. For junior and senior majors with consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 0.5 units.203L. Marine Ecology. Ecology from a basic science perspective. Laboratories target a science-oriented graduate audience. Lecture topics include factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of marine organisms, characteristics of marine habitats, adaptation to environment, species interactions, biogeography, larval recruitment, and communities found in rocky shores, tidal flats, beaches, mangrove, coral reefs, and subtidal areas. Laboratories and field trips cover ecological principles from a basic science perspective. Not open to students who have taken BIO 129L and not open to undergraduates. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Introductory Biology. Instructors: Crowder or Kirby-Smith. 4 units. C-L: Environment 219L207AL. Experimental Tropical Marine Ecology. Distribution and density of marine and semi-terrestrial tropical invertebrate populations; behavioral and mechanical adaptations to physical stress, competition, and predation using rapid empirical approaches and hypothesis testing. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of Panama. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Rittschof. 2 units.207BL. Marine Ecology of the Pacific Coast of California. Ecology of the rocky intertidal, kelp forest, and mud flat habitats. Introduction to marine mammals, fish and other large West Coast vertebrates. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of Northern California. Prerequisite: Concurrent registration in Biology 129L and consent of instructor. Instructor: Crowder. 2 units.207CL. Ocean Ecosystems. Interaction of physical, chemical and biological processes, emphasizing processes that determine species composition and quality of plants and animals. Field work with marine organisms, especially plankton, sampling habitats from the continental shelf to the subtropical gyre. Offered only at Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience at sea on an oceanographic vessel. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 2 units.207EL. Harmony in Brittany: French Use of Marine Environments. Intensive field experience on the coast of Brittany, including French maritime cultural heritage, regional and national coastal reserves (Le Parc naturel régional d'Armorique; Presqu'île de Crozon), shellfish aquaculture (La Tremblade), seaweed harvest (Lanildut), and tidal energy (La Rance). Offered only in Beaufort, with preparation for fieldwork before and analysis and presentation of projects after required one week intensive field experience on the coast of France over Fall Break. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and consent of instructor. Instructor: Van Dover. 2 units.216. Sojourn in Singapore: Urban Tropical Ecology. The mix of human ecology, tropical diversity, disturbed habitats and invasive species in Singapore. How Singapore maintains and enhances the quality of life of its citizens while radically modifying its environment. Research on politics, management or biology. Travel to Singapore required. Taught in Beaufort. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Orbach and Rittschof. 3 units.218L. Barrier Island Ecology. An integration of barrier island plant and animal ecology within the context of geomorphological change and human disturbance. Experimental evidence supporting the theory of barrier island formation and migration; plant and animal adaptations and their evolution, succession ecology, and conservation and restoration ecology. Strong emphasis in labs on independent use of quantitative field observation and research techniques. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L or equivalent; suggested: course in botany or ecology. Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: see Environment 218L219L. Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the coastal zone of the Carolinas. A unifying theme will be the coupling of watersheds, river basins, estuaries, and the coastal ocean through the movement of ground and surface waters. Topics include hydrology, nutrient cycles, sediment-water column interactions, primary and secondary production, and food web dynamics. Sustaining coastal ecosystems in the face of land use change. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Staff. 4 units. C-L: Environment 224L252. Marine Conservation Biology. Ecological effects of fishing, the major threat to marine biodiversity, examined through selected case studies. Conservation strategies and ways that science and policy can be integrated to solve real-world problems. Field trip to Hawaii required. (Taught at Beaufort.) Instructor: Read. 3 units.253L. Physiology of Marine Animals. Environmental factors, biological rhythms, and behavioral adaptations in the comparative physiology of marine animals. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 150L. Four units (fall); six units (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: introductory biology and chemistry. Instructor: Forward. Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 228L254. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Endocrinology. Comparative study of the major pathways of hormonal regulation from the organismal to the molecular level in vertebrate and invertebrate models. Applications of endocrinology in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and environmental issues. Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 152L. A biochemistry course recommended. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Rittschof. 3 units.255L. Biochemistry of Marine Animals. Functional, structural, and evolutionary relationships of biochemical processes of importance to marine organisms. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 155L. Four units (fall and spring); variable credit (summer). (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: Biology 25L and Chemistry 11L, 12L. Instructor: Rittschof (fall and summer). Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 229L274L. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. Structure, function, and development of invertebrates collected from estuarine and marine habitats. Not open to students who have taken Biology 176L, Biology 274L, or Zoology 274L. Open to undergraduates only under Biology 176L. Four units (fall, spring, and Summer Term II); six units (Summer Term I). (Given at Beaufort fall, spring, and summer or at Bermuda, spring.) Prerequisite: Biology 25L. Instructors: Dimock (Beaufort) or Kirby-Smith (Beaufort); Wood (Bermuda). Variable credit. C-L: see Environment 295L295S. Special Topics Seminar. Seminar on a selected topic. Offerings vary each semester. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.297. Research Independent Study. Continuation of Biology 191. Individual research and reading of the primary literature in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, the major product of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open to juniors and seniors only with consent of supervising instructor. May be repeated. Instructor: Staff. 3 units.351. Tutorial. Carried out under the direction of the appropriate staff members. Consent of instructor required. Hours and credit to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.353. Research. To be carried on under the direction of the appropriate staff members. Consent of instructor required. Hours and credit to be arranged. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.210. Research Independent Study. Individual Research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Consent of instructor required. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.243. Respiratory Proteins and the Environment. Structure, function and evolution of copper and iron based respiratory proteins in response to environmental oxygen levels and physiological needs. Lectures and readings on the balance between pathways for metabolic oxygen utilization and alternative disease-causing pathways involving oxidative and nitrosative reactions. Interactive molecular graphics and student presentations supplement text and lectures. Covers molecular adaptations, circulation, allostery, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, gene expression, blood pathogens, malaria, sickle cell anemia. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisites: organic chemistry or consent of instructor. Instructor: C. Bonaventura. 3 units. C-L: Environment 243122. Analysis of Ocean Ecosystems. The history, utility, and heuristic value of the ecosystem; ocean systems in the context of Odum's ecosystem concept; structure and function of the earth's major ecosystems. (Given at Beaufort.) Prerequisite: one year of biology, one year of chemistry, or consent of instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit. C-L: see Biology 123; also C-L: Environment 123191. Research Independent Study. Individual research in a field of special interest under the supervision of a faculty member, the central goal of which is a substantive paper or written report containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.192. Research Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 191. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.193. Independent Study. Directed reading or individual projects. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.194. Independent Study. See Earth and Ocean Sciences 193. Term paper required. Open only to qualified juniors and seniors by consent of director of undergraduate studies and supervising instructor. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.195. Independent Study for Nonmajors. Individual research and reading in a field of special interest, under the supervision of a faculty member, resulting in a term paper containing significant analysis and interpretation of a previously approved topic at end of semester. Open to qualified juniors and seniors upon approval of the departmental faculty. Instructor: Staff. 1 unit.202. Beach and Island Geological Processes. Field seminar on the evolution of beaches and barrier islands with emphasis on the interactions between nearshore processes and human development. Prerequisite: Earth and Ocean Sciences 115/215 or consent of instructor. Also taught as EOS 116. Instructor: Murray. 2 units.371. Advanced Topics in Geology. To meet the individual needs of graduate students for independent study. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.372. Advanced Topics in Geology. To meet the individual needs of graduate students for independent study. Instructor: Staff. Variable credit.53L. General Physics I. First part of a two-semester, calculus-based, physics survey course for students planning study in medicine or the life sciences. Topics: kinematics, dynamics, systems of particles, conservation laws, statics, gravitation, fluids, oscillations, mechanical waves, sound, thermal physics, laws of thermodynamics. For credit, enrollment in Physics 53L and a lab/recitation (Physics 53L9,R) section required. Students planning to major in physics should enroll in Physics 41L, 42L in their freshman year. Closed to students having credit for Physics 41L, 61L, or 63L. Prerequisites: one year of college calculus (or equivalent) such as Mathematics 25L, 26L, or 31. Mathematics 32 recommended. Instructor: Mehen or Tornow. 1 unit.54L. General Physics II. The second part of a two-semester calculus based course providing a survey of the principles of physics for students planning to study medicine or life sciences. Topics include: electrostatic fields and potential, capacitors, DC circuits, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, properties of light (including reflection, refraction, polarization), geometric optics, wave optics (interference and diffraction), atomic and nuclear physics. Students must enroll in both a lecture (Physics 54L) and a lab/recitation (Physics 54L9,R) section in order to receive credit for the course. Closed to students having credit for Physics 42L, 62L or 63L. Prerequisites: Physics 41L, 61L, or 53L. Instructor: Brown or Thomas. 1 unit.264. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: see Environment 276; also C-L: Public Policy Studies 297297. Marine Policy (A). Formal study of policy and policy-making concerning the coastal marine environment. History of specific marine-related organizations, legislation, and issues and their effects on local, regional, national, and international arenas. Topics explored through use of theoretical and methodological perspectives, including political science, sociology, and economics. Consent of instructor required. (Given at Beaufort.) Instructor: Orbach. 3 units. C-L: see Environment 276; also C-L: Political Science 264